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Spatiotemporal variability in spate irrigation systems in Khirthar National Range, Sindh, Pakistan (case study)

Soomro Abdul Ghani, Babar Muhammad Munir, Arshad Muhammad, Memon Anila, Naeem Babar, Ashraf Arshad

Acta Geophysica

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2020

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Vol. 68, no. 1

219--228

EN

Satellite remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) have been used successfully to monitor and assess the land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics and their impacts on people and the environment. LULC change detection is essential for studying spatiotemporal conditions and for proposing better future planning and development options. The current research analyzes the detection of spatiotemporal variability of spate irrigation systems using remote sensing and GIS in the Khirthar National Range, Sindh Province of Pakistan. We use Landsat images to study the dynamics of LULC using ArcGIS software and categorize fve major LULC types. We obtain secondary data related to precipitation and crop yield from the provincial department of revenue. The maximum likelihood supervised classifcation (MLSC) procedure, augmented with secondary data, reveals a signifcant increase of 86.25% in settlements, 83.85% in spate irrigation systems, and 65% in vegetation, and a substantial negative trend of 39.50% in water bodies and 20% in barren land during the period from 2013 to 2018. Our study highlights an increase in settlements due to the infow of local population for better means of living and an increase in spate irrigation systems, which indicates the water conservation practices for land cultivation and human purpose lead to the shrinkage of water bodies. The confusion matrix using Google Earth data to rectify modeled (classifed) data, which showed an overall accuracy of 82.8%–92%, and the Kappa coefcient estimated at 0.80–0.90 shows the satisfactory results of the LULC classifcation. The study suggests the need to increase water storage potential with the appropriate water conservation techniques to enhance the spate irrigation system in the hilly tracts for sustainable develop‑ ments, which mitigates drought impact and reduces migration rate by providing more opportunities through agricultural activities in the study area.

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Estimation of groundwater potential using GIS modeling in Kohistan region Jamshoro district, Southern Indus basin, Sindh, Pakistan (a case study)

Memon Aneela, Ansari Kamran, Soomro Abdul Ghani, Jamali Muhammad Afzal, Naeem Babar, Ashraf Arshad

Acta Geophysica

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2020

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Vol. 68, no. 1

155--165

EN

The subsurface groundwater potential was calculated through the Geographic Information System (GIS) tool in district Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan; research was carried out in the vulnerable and arid climatic regions of the study area, which experienced unpredictable droughts and extreme foods. The primary recharging source of the aquifer is rainfall only in monsoon season from July to September. The current situation of water resources is critical in the region; in the present research work, two principal groundwater aquifers were encountered present in lithology of Laki formation mostly in sand and gravel lithology, which are shallow and deep aquifers. The GIS has been employed as a preservative tool to estimate groundwater potential. The estimated groundwater potential was 29,330.22 million cubic meter (MCM) under the monitoring area of 3207.25 square kilometers (km²); thus, the volume of groundwater was 9.14 MCM/km² in the selected cluster zone of the study area. It is realized that using a GIS tool combats the susceptible situation and shows authenticated results of groundwater potential.

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Groundwater investigation through vertical electrical sounding at hilly area from Nooriabad toward Karachi

Soomro Asadullah, Qureshi Abdul Latif, Jamali Muhammad Afzal, Ashraf Arshad

Acta Geophysica

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2019

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Vol. 67, no. 1

247--261

EN

The study is conducted to focus on the subsurface geological and hydrological mapping for groundwater presence in the area located Nooriabad of the Jamshoro district left side of M-9 Motorway toward Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) is carried out by using the Schlumberger electrode array method with ranging from 02 to 300 m. IPI2win software is used on the collected data of VES to interpret with qualitatively that indicated the four distinct lithological units demarcated as clay, sandy clay, shale and alluvium or weathered layer of Tiyon formation and limestone and fractured sandstone beds of the Laki formation of Eocene age. On the collected VES data, it is concluded that the first and second layer of soil is 16 m thick and composed of shale to clay beds and alluvium having the apparent resistivity between 05 and 15 Ωm. With increasing depth from 50 to 100 m, it is interpreted that there are fractured sandstone and limestone beds with average resistivity ranges between 15 to 60 Ωm. Further, processed the data and generated pseudo-section, apparent resistivity section and statistical curve by using software IPI2win to interpret the apparent resistivity map at 50, 60, 70 and 80 m are correlated with the hydrogeology and geology of the area. The results are interpreted that the good aquifer zones are present in the 50–100-m-thick limestone and fractured sandstone beds having interconnection with clay. Accumulation of groundwater is found by controlling the physiography and geological structure of the study area.

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Assessment of groundwater potential through vertical electrical sounding at Haji Rehmatullah Palari village, Nooriabad

Soomro Asadullah, Qureshi Abdul Latif, Jamali Muhammad Afzal, Ashraf Arshad, Arain Asfand Yar Wali

Acta Geophysica

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2019

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Vol. 67, no. 6

1605--1623

EN

The study was conducted to assess the groundwater potential at Haji Rehmatullah Palari village aquifer, Union Council Sari of Kalu Khuhar along M-9 Motorway near Nooriabad, Sindh, Pakistan, through vertical electrical sounding (VES) by using Schlumberger electrode array method with 02–210 m. The collected data of 12 VES were interpreted by using IPI2win software. Monsoon rainfall period is very short, which starts from July to September (every year in Pakistan). Average rainfall is 150 mm with variation of 25 mm, in some year zero rainfall. During summer season, the evaporation and transpiration rate are about 70%, while the infiltration rate is 15%. Kalu Nadi (hill torrent) is the only source of recharge of this aquifer that depends on the rainfall. Lithological logs interpreted that mostly aquifers are present in sandstone lithology of Nari Formation which hold these freshwater aquifers having minimum 50 m thickness and have great potential for freshwater exploitation. Lithological logs interpreted that mostly aquifers persist in sandstone lithology of Nari Formation which hold the freshwater. Totally, five tube wells were installed at this aquifer and discharging the freshwater of about 98.55 million gallons per year and rapidly depleting the aquifers. Water business is also observed at this aquifer which was breaking influenced on the aquifer without considering the agricultural development to protect the environment. The aquifer is under pressure to drawdown and may suffer with its quantity and quality, if this trend continues.