The use of fossil fuels for energy purposes results in the emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which in turn contributes to global warming, which is one of the civilization threats to the environment, and thus to modern civilization. The use of waste of plant origin to obtain energy reduces the amount of greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere, which results from the fact that plants take CO2 in the process of photosynthesis. Plants are a carbon reservoir, which in turn allows the use of biomass to obtain biofuels. In addition, the use of waste to obtain energy, solves the problem of storage, which is particularly problematic in the case of tires and plastics, which pose a potential threat to the natural environment. The article describes the composition of waste used for thermal processes and explains why waste is a good source of energy. In addition, it presents the division of thermal processes into three types: combustion, gasification and pyrolysis. In the further part of the article, the division of pyrolysis can be found due to its speed and related differences in the content of individual products and the division of this type of thermal processes, due to the type of reactors used. In addition, the article presents the conditions for conducting thermal processes and their impact on the content of solid, gaseous and liquid products. The work presents the construction of reactors, the principle of their operation, as well as the advantages and disadvantages resulting from their use. In the further part of the article, microalgae are described as an efficient source of fuel in combination with other widely used products of plant origin. In the last part of this work, the composition of products obtained after pyrolysis of waste of various origins was compared.
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W niniejszym artykule zawarto opis oraz możliwości wykorzystania systemu Ground Safety (GS), który dedykowany jest do nadzoru przestrzeni naziemnej portu lotniczego. System umożliwia kompleksową kontrolę oraz zarządzanie ruchem na powierzchni całego portu. Oprócz nadzoru w czasie rzeczywistym możliwe jest między innymi archiwizowanie oraz odtwarzanie danych, komunikacja obustronna między użytkownikami a bazą, a także przesyłanie komunikatów zbiorczych. Wyposażenie gości lotniska w nadajnik pozwala na stały dostęp do jego podstawowych parametrów oraz aktualnej pozycji. Artykuł opisuje możliwości obniżania poziomu ryzyka występowania zdarzeń niebezpiecznych i niepożądanych oraz pokazuje sposoby na zwiększanie ogólnego bezpieczeństwa jednostki.
EN
This article describes the Ground Safety (GS) system and shows the possibilities of its use. System is dedicated to the supervision of the airport's ground space. GS enables comprehensive control and traffic management on the entire port area. In addition to real-time supervision, it is possible, among another, to archive and restore data preserving its integrity, two-way communication, and also bulk messages broadcasting. The equipment of the airport guests in the transmitter allows constant access to its basie parameters and current position. The article describes the possibilities of reducing the risk level of oceurrence dangerous and undesirable incidents. It also shows how to inerease the overall security of the unit.
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Nowe technologie coraz częściej wykorzystywane są do zwiększania poziomu bezpieczeństwa zarówno człowieka, jak i wielu procesów z różnych obszarów przemysłu czy transportu. Nowoczesne i inteligentne systemy nie tylko wspomagają pracę jednocześnie ją optymalizując, ale również minimalizują ryzyko wystąpienia sytuacji niebezpiecznych dla życia człowieka. To właśnie człowiek jest nadal uważany za najsłabsze ogniwo większości procesów, i to właśnie czynnik ludzki jest powodem wielu wypadków oraz katastrof. W związku z tym należy kontrolować jego działania na każdym etapie realizowanego zadania. W niniejszej publikacji opisano wykorzystanie inteligentnej technologii w procesie szkolenia pilotów oraz wykonywania akrobacji lotniczej.
EN
New technologies are more and more often used to increase the level of securing humans work as well as many processes from various areas of industry or transport. Intelligent systems not only support work while optimizing it, but also minimize the risk of dangerous situations for human life. It is the man who is still considered the weakest link in most processes, and it is the human factor that causes many accidents and disasters. Therefore, its activities should be controlled at every stage of the task being performed. This publication describes the use of intelligent technology in the process of training pilots and performing aerobatics.
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Corocznie obserwowany jest wzrost liczby operacji lotniczych w sektorze lotnictwa ogólnego - General Aviation (GA). Spowodowane jest to m.in. większą dostępnością i popularnością tej metody transportu. W pracy przeprowadzono analizę liczby operacji wykonywanych w obszarze lotnictwa ogólnego na terytorium Polski, z podziałem na poszczególne sektory FIS (Flight Information Service - służby informacji powietrznej). Następnie dokonano oceny stanu bezpieczeństwa w Polsce na podstawie danych Państwowej Komisji Badania Wypadków Lotniczych (PKBWL) oraz odniesiono je do danych Europejskiej Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Lotniczego (EASA). Przedstawiono również główne kierunki rozwoju sektora GA w Polsce i Europie. Niniejsze opracowanie ma charakter przeglądowy i jest wstępem do dalszych prac pozwalających na ograniczanie ryzyka występowania zdarzeń niepożądanych w lotnictwie ogólnym.
EN
Every year there is an increase in the number of aircraft operations in the General Aviation (GA). This is, among other things, as a result of the greater availability and popularity of this method of transportation. The paper presents the number of general aviation operations performed on Polish territory (included data for every sector of the Flight Information Service). Then the safety situation in Poland is assessed on the basis of National Commission for Aviation Accidents Investigation (PKBWL) and referenced to the data of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Article also presents the main directions of development of the GA in Poland and Europe. The summary takes into consideration the future of general aviation in Poland.
The paper presents the oxidation of natural limonene (extracted from waste orange peels) by 60 wt% hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of Ti-MCM-41 catalyst and in methanol as the solvent. The aim of the research was to develop the most favorable technological parameters for the process of limonene oxidation (temperature, molar ratio of limonene to hydrogen peroxide, methanol concentration, Ti-MCM-41 catalyst content and reaction time) by analyzing changes in the main functions describing this process: the conversion of limonene, selectivities of appropriate products, the conversion of hydrogen peroxide and the effective conversion of hydrogen peroxide. The process is environmentally friendly process and it uses renewable raw material - limonene and a safe oxidant -hydrogen peroxide. During the study, very valuable oxygenated derivatives of limonene were obtained: 1,2-epoxylimonene, its diol, carvone, carveol, and perillyl alcohol. These compounds are used in medicine, cosmetics, perfumery, food and polymers industries.
This work presents the studies on the epoxidation of limonene to 1,2-epoxylimonene with hydrogen peroxide and over the titanium-silicate Ti-SBA-15 catalyst. The main object of the research was a solvent effect on the epoxidation process. The influence of solvents, such as: methanol, toluene, propan-2-ol (isopropyl alcohol), acetonitrile and ethanol has been studied. Furthermore, the influence of temperature in the range of 0-120°C and the reaction time in the range of 0.25-48 h have been investigated. Gas chromatography and iodometric titration methods were used to establish the products of this process and amount of the unreacted hydrogen peroxide. 1,2-Epoxylimonene, 1,2-epoxylimonene diol, perillyl alcohol, carvone and carveol have been determined as the main products of this process. All these compounds are very valuable raw materials for organic syntheses, medicine or cosmetic and food industry.
W artykule opisano metodykę zgrzewania elektrooporowego w ujemnych temperaturach otoczenia, polegającą na ustaleniu parametrów wstępnego nagrzewania poprzez zastosowanie obniżonego napięcia zgrzewania w określonym czasie. Celem tego działania było uzyskanie dodatniej temperatury kształtki i rury, tak aby można było rozpocząć właściwy proces zgrzewania. Opracowaną metodykę zweryfikowano doświadczalnie.
EN
The paper describes the developed method of electrofusion welding in sub-zero ambient temperatures, consisting of the setting of preheating parameters taken by applying a reduced welding voltage at a given time. This process was supposed to cause positive temperature of the fitting and the pipe so that the proper welding process could be started. The developed methodology was verified experimentally.
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A question of exact determination of an aircraft (a/c) position and of its basic parameters is very important for the process of pilots training and for aerobatics performance. Therefore, a need for implementation of an intelligent and autonomic system enabling realtime flight control has arisen. Methods of flight course control and of aerobatic or training flight assessment used so far are not adequate in 21st century. The perspective of implementation of a real-time system for control and flight operations safety will enable conducting operations and analyses of flight course on a higher level than it is now.
PL
Kwestia dokładnego określenia pozycji samolotu (a/c) i jego podstawowych parametrów jest bardzo ważna dla procesu szkolenia pilotów i wykonywania akrobacji lotniczej. W związku z tym pojawiła się potrzeba wdrożenia inteligentnego i autonomicznego systemu umożliwiającego kontrolę lotu w czasie rzeczywistym. Metody kontroli kursu lotu i oceny lotu akrobacyjnego lub treningowego stosowane dotychczas nie są już wystarczające w XXI wieku. Perspektywa wdrożenia inteligentnego systemu czasu rzeczywistego dla bezpieczeństwa operacji lotniczych umożliwi analizę lotu na znacznie wyższym poziomie niż obecnie.
The article presents the possibilities and validity of the implementation in the field of developing mathematical models for aerobatics trajectory. Proposing a catalogue of three-dimensional figures and those described mathematically will allow improving judging and scoring level, as well as the art of piloting in aerobatics. In the first chapter, article describes the processes of aerobatic flight, judge evaluation method and the current state of technology supporting the scoring process. The second chapter presents the capabilities of the Python programming language, which will be a tool for the construction of three-dimensional models. The third chapter of this article is a description of the comparative analysis of ideal trajectories and obtained in real flight. This chapter also demonstrates the validity and necessity of introducing new standards for assessing aerobatic flights. Aerobatics flights and judging, intelligent system to control aerobatic flights, three-dimensional models of aerobatic flights are presented in the article. The article concerns on use modern technologies to support the judges during the competition. The introduction of ASSD + PL system and the possibility of implementing designed models of aerobatic figures open new paths for improving the art of pilotage and arbitration.
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In this paper we present our work in progress on building an artificial intelligence system dedicated to tasks regarding the processing of formal documents used in various kinds of business procedures. The main challenge is to build machine learning (ML) models to improve the quality and efficiency of business processes involving image processing, optical character recognition (OCR), text mining and information extraction. In the paper we introduce the research and application field, some common techniques used in this area and our preliminary results and conclusions.
Olefin metathesis is one of the most important synthetic tools, both in organic and olefin chemistry. Olefin metathesis allows to shorten production time of organic compounds and it is characterized by a smaller amount of by-products and waste in comparison with the classical ways of the synthesis of these compounds. Simultaneously, the conditions at which metathesis is performed are environmentally friendly. This method allows obtaining very valuable compounds, such as: anti-inflammatory agents, fungicides and many others. This causes that olefin metathesis has an important place in the organic synthesis and develops constantly. The first catalysts had undefined structure, therefore, it was difficult to predict the mechanism of their action. Big development metathesis came with the synthesis of catalysts with a clearly defined structure. This article explains what olefin metathesis is and shows applications of olefin metathesis. This work presents catalysts, which possess transition metal in the structure, such as: ruthenium, molybdenum or tungsten. It also shows the comparison of catalysts possess ruthenium (Grubbs catalyst first and second generation and Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst) taking into account their structure and properties. This work describe carbenes, which improve thermal stability of catalysts compare with complexes containing phosphine. Researchers receive new compounds through modifications on the NHC ligand. In this work are presented modifications of the NHC ligand complexes of ruthenium described in the literature and their influence on such catalytic properties as: activity, selectivity, and efficiency. Modifications concern: heteroatoms, bulky groups and groups, which change electron density. Despite many studies and receiving large amounts of catalysts for this reaction, still a problem is the obtaining of an universal catalyst for all types transitions, that would have a high activity, high efficiency and which could be easily recovered after the reaction.
So far, much attention was paid to processes which allow to obtain biofuels from biomass and less important was receiving from biomass valuable chemical compounds. Biomass is a source of a variety of compounds, such as: hydrocarbons, triglycerides, glycerol, hydroksymetylofurfural, cellulose, hemicellulose and pentoses, lignin and lignocellulose. Taking into account the application of the mentioned above compounds, a large number of articles describing catalytic conversion of biomass to valuable chemical compounds has been written during last 10 years. The articles presented specific types of reactions for compounds contained in biomass, such as: hydrolysis, hydrogenation or isomerization, which allow to obtain valuable products. The reactions are catalyzed among others by: metals deposited on the activated carbon, metal oxides, alloys and zeolites. Researchers still improve processes, adapting them to the structure of highly functionalized particles contained in biomass and process needs. At the same time, scientist focused on cost reduction. Renewable raw materials are converted to the intermediates in physical, chemical and physicochemical processes. Next, obtained intermediates are used for receiving valuable chemicals, such as: lubricants, solvents and products that were previously obtained from petroleum. This work presents the conversion of biomass to compounds which have been already prepared by conventional synthetic methods. Besides chemical pure compounds, catalytic reactions with using metals, lead to obtain mixtures of compounds which can be used for the large volume production: additives for paper, paints, resins, foams, surfactants, lubricants and plasticizers. In the chemical industry for many years it has been placed emphasis on processes that are environmentally friendly. Scientists have also focused on improving the activity of used catalysts and the selectivity of products.
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Malaxis monophyllos is a rare orchid with a fragmented boreal-montane distribution in Europe where it is associated with both natural swampy and anthropogenic habitats. We employed extensive sampling of M. monophyllos populations from different habitat types, over its whole European geographic range, to examine its genetic diversity patterns and phylogeographic structure using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Our results revealed the relatively low genetic diversity of M. monophyllos, with the effect of small population sizes and inbreeding as the driving forces operating within the European part of its range. The statistically highest values of genetic diversity were found in populations from the boreal region (average: percentage of polymorphic loci PPL3 = 21.6%, Nei's gene diversity Hj3 = 0.144, the rarity index DW3 = 1.34), while populations from mountainous regions were characterised by a reduced level of genetic diversity (e.g. an average for Alpine populations: PPL3 = 18.1%, Hj3 = 0.121, DW3 = 0.84) in comparison to boreal ones. Our results revealed that the newly established anthropogenic populations in the Polish uplands were probably founded from numerous external sources and should be considered a significant source of the species' genetic diversity. We also confirmed the low genetic differentiation among M. monophyllos populations (FST = 0.074), with the lack of distinguishable genetic clusters, that supports results about the multidirectional gene flow between M. monophyllos populations in Europe, and directed conservation efforts on conserving all suitable for this species habitats.
In our studies montmorillonite (MMT) was used as the heterogeneous, natural catalyst. This material was previously prepared by bentonite purification with help of the sedimentation method. The obtained catalyst was characterized by: XRD, SEM, BET and EDX. Catalytic tests with montmorillonite as the catalyst were performed with the natural terpene – R-(+)-limonene. This compound was oxidized with hydrogen peroxide and, moreover, in the separate process it was also isomerized. As the main products of limonene oxidation were detected: (1,2-8,9)-diepoxide, perillyl alcohol, carvone, carveol, 1,2-epoxylimonene and 1,2-epoxylimonene diol. In the isomerization of R-(+)-limonene were formed: terpinenes, terpinolene and p-cymene. Conversions of limonene in these processes reached 70–80%. The application of montmorillonite (the natural of origin) in the studied processes (oxidation and isomerization) is environmentally friendly, it allows to reduce the cost of the studied processes. The resulting products of the processes of oxidation and isomerization of R-(+)-limonene have many applications.
New fragrant and biodegradable starch-based films have been obtained. These films were prepared by the method of the outpour into the Teflon mould of the starch composition containing such fragrant compounds as: eugenol or α-pinene. For characterizing the final products the following properties were taken into account: the solubility in water, the absorbance of moisture from air and the length of release of the fragrant compound. The obtained starch-based films were characterized by the relatively long time of release the fragrant compound and also by the good absorbance of moisture from air. Taking into account the properties of the obtained films, they can find applications in production of appliances used in the bioactive cleaning of air. The prototype of such a product was presented in this work. The presented studies show the potential of applying these materials in the future, and thus these examinations should be developed.
Na podstawie dostępnej literatury, obowiązujących aktów normatywnych i instrukcji oraz własnych doświadczeń zostały opracowane wytyczne do oceny funkcjonalności zgrzewarek doczołowych i elektrooporowych stosowanych do łączenia rur i kształtek z tworzyw sztucznych. Jednolite wytyczne mogą przyczynić się do poprawy jakości połączeń zgrzewanych, a tym samym do zwiększenia niezawodności pracy sieci gazowych.
EN
On the basis of the available literature, normative acts, instructions and own experiences, guidelines have been developed to assess the functionality of butt and electrofusion welding used to connect plastic pipes. Uniform guidelines can help to improve the quality of welded joints and thus increase the reliability of gas networks.
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The paper presents a draft model of a test stand for the measurement of the efficiency of automatic positioning systems of radar antenna reflectors. The described test stand was designed and constructed for the identification of the aircraft position during air show aero-batics. The authors of the paper have presented and discussed in detail the test stand’s individual components and measurement equipment.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono projekt stanowiska badawczego do pomiaru sprawności automatycznych systemów pozycjonowania radarowych anten reflektorowych. Opisywane stanowisko zostało zaprojektowane i skonstruowane na potrzeby systemu identyfikacji położenia statków powietrznych w trakcie prowadzenia zawodów akrobacji lotniczych. Autorzy artykułu w sposób szczegółowy przedstawili i omówili poszczególne elementy składowe oraz niezbędną aparaturę pomiarową.
The article presents the specificity of aerobatic operations that use on-board transmitters to improve the quality of training and judging in this sport area. The first chapter of this work is an introduction to the topic under discussion and the second chapter describes the principles of aerobatic competitions, methods of judge evaluations and the regulations related to the correctness of the figure performance by the pilots. The third chapter contains information on the AeroSafetyShow Demonstrator+PL system (ASSD+PL) used to carry out active supervision over flights in general aviation (especially in gliders and airplanes aerobatic). In the fourth chapter of the article, the possibilities of application of the ASSD+PL system functionalities were described which could improve the quality of training and judge evaluations. The Polish measurement system is actually an only electronic system, which is accepted and respected by the aerobatic judges all over the Europe. Functionalities of the ASSD+PL are used by them to control and sum up all the forbidden crosses the box. The pilot flying too low can be even disqualified. Application interface can be also transmitted in the real time to the big screen as well for the judges, as for the wide spectators watching the competitions flights.
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Aerobatics is a sport whose specificity significantly differs from other air disciplines. Aerial figures performed in a confined space (referred to as a ‘box’) are a challenge not only for the pilots, but also for the jury evaluating the competition. Subjective scores of the judges are converted by a dedicated FPS (Fair Play System) system. FPS is the basis for the ACRO scoring software (Aerobatic Contest Result Organizer) used to convert and publish the results of aerobatic contests organized worldwide. Due to the multi-aspect nature of data processing, the system is not always understood by the players. The paper attempts to explain various stages of calculations and explore issues associated with standard judging. This aspect is extremely important, not only for the competing pilots, but also for the judges and the viewers.
PL
Akrobacja lotnicza stanowi dziedzinę sportu, która swoją specyfiką znacznie odbiega od pozostałych dyscyplin lotniczych. Ewolucje powietrzne wykonywane w ograniczonej przestrzeni stanowią wyzwanie nie tylko dla zawodników, ale również arbitrów oceniających pokaz. Subiektywne noty sędziów przeliczane są przez dedykowany akrobacji lotniczej system FPS (Fair Play System). Na jego podstawie powstało oprogramowanie ACRO (Aerobatic Contest Results Organiser), które wykorzystywane jest do przeliczania oraz publikowania wyników zawodów lotniczych na całym świecie. Ze względu jednak na wieloaspektowość procesu przetwarzania ocen sędziowskich, wynik końcowy nie zawsze jest dla zawodników jasny i zrozumiały. W pracy podjęto więc próbę wyjaśnienia poszczególnych etapów obliczeń oraz zgłębienia zagadnień związanych z prawidłowym arbitrażem. Aspekt ten jest niezwykle istotny nie tylko z punktu widzenia pilotów-zawodników, ale również sędziów oraz obserwatorów.
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The paper presents the functionality and applicability of AeroSafetyShow Demonstrator+PL (ASSD+PL). Software was invented and developed by a scientific consortium between Żelazny6 Wojciech Krupa company and Poznan University of Technology. Project was co-financed by the European Union and the National Centre for Research and Development. ASSD+PL is an intelligent system, which allows to increase the safety of flight operations by conducting surveillance in the real time. This system is the first controlling software which offering such a wide range of functionalities.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano funkcjonalności oraz możliwości zastosowania systemu AeroSafetyShow Demonstrator+PL (ASSD+PL). Twórcami systemu są firma Żelazny6 Wojciech Krupa oraz Politechnika Poznańska, które dzięki dofinansowaniu przez Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju ze środków Unii Europejskiej realizowały projekt badawczy jako konsorcjum naukowego. ASSD+PL to inteligentny system umożliwiający podniesienie poziomu bezpieczeństwa wykonywania operacji lotniczych poprzez prowadzenie czynnego nadzoru nad określoną przestrzenią w czasie rzeczywistym. Oprogramowanie jest pierwszym systemem kontroli kierowanym do lotnictwa ogólnego, który oferuje tak szeroki zakres funkcjonalności przy zapewnionym wysokim poziomie niezawodności.
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