Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Rola analiz uładów przestrzennych w badaniach dziejów miast i wsi. Rozważania metodologiczne

Krasnowolski B.

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddział PAN w Krakowie

|

2013

|

T. 41

199--217

PL

Badania układów urbanistycznych i ruralistycznych winny stanowić ważny element studiów historii miast i wsi, co wymaga interdyscyplinarności. Należy wykorzystywać źródła i odróżniać źródło od jego interpretacji / krytyki. Znaczenie źródeł jest odmienne dla różnych okresów i terenów. Dla ziem polskich w dobie wczesnośredniowiecznej znaczenie mają źródła geologiczne i archeologiczne. Dla późniejszych okresów rośnie ilość źródeł pisanych. Od okresu lokacji na prawie niemieckim w XIII i XIV w. znaczenia nabierają źródła planistyczne i kartograficzne, umożliwiające analizy modularne. Rola ikonografii rośnie w dobie nowożytnej i nowoczesnej. Metodą badawczą jest nanoszenie informacji ze źródeł na współczesne podkłady. Na tej podstawie należy dokonywać interpretacji faz przekształceń, posługując się analizami modularnymi, identyfikując historyczne miary długości i powierzchni. Osadniczy układ obejmuje centrum osadnicze i zaplecze rolne. Studia należy prowadzić poprzez współpracę specjalistów z różnych dyscyplin. Płaszczyzną takiej współpracy jest np. Atlas historyczny miast polskich.

EN

Scientific research on urban and rural layouts should form an important element of studying the history of cities and villages, something which requires a coordination of multiple disciplines. One must make use of source material, yet be able to tell the difference between the source and its interpretation or critique. The importance of source material varies depending on the period and area in question. When investigating Early Medieval Poland, for instance, one should focus on geological and archeological sources. The later periods show a much larger wealth of written sources and accounts. Beginning from the period of founding cities based on German laws in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, city plans and cartographic sources are of increasing value, as they make it possible to perform modular analyses. The role of iconographic source material increases during from the modern period all the way to our times. The method of research here is the correlation of the information gained from these sources onto modern urban layouts. We can interpret the subsequent phases of development based on this. Using modular analysis we can then identify the historical and agricultural conditions of the time. This research should be conducted by a team of academics from various different fields. An example of such a cooperation is the Atlas Miast Polskich (The Atlas of Polish Cities).

2

Ze studiów nad wodą w średniowieczu i nowożytności

Krasnowolski B.

Auxiliary Sciences in Archaeology, Preservation of Relics and Environmental Engineering

|

2009

|

nr 8

16 plik video 00:13

3

Przemiany krajobrazów miast Małopolski od średniowiecza do współczesności

Krasnowolski B.

Auxiliary Sciences in Archaeology, Preservation of Relics and Environmental Engineering

|

2009

|

nr 8

6 plik video 36:09

4

Nawarstwienia historyczne : dokument i zabytek

Krasnowolski B.

Auxiliary Sciences in Archaeology, Preservation of Relics and Environmental Engineering

|

2008

|

nr 6 wyd. spec.

film2

5

Rozwój osadnictwa i jego wpływ na krajobraz na przykładzie Ziemi Krakowskiej

Krasnowolski B.

Roczniki Geomatyki

|

2007

|

T. 5, z. 8

89-112

EN

Human activity turns natural landscape into cultural landscape. In extreme situations, when this results in devastation, it is more proper to speak about devastated than cultural landscape. The processes of landscape changes may be divided into historically-conditioned phases, and the transformations that occurred in Krakow Province (Ziemia Krakowska) are representative for the entire country. The most ancient phase to be sufficiently traceable in archaeological sources (8th.9th century AD) included the construction of graves and baileys (especially Wawel and Okół), and establishment of necropolises accentuated by man-made mounds (kurgans). The first centuries of Christianity brought about significant changes. The geography of the baileys (except for Wawel) began to change in the middle of 11th century with the arrival of first stone constructions. The settlement based on German Law played a key role here. After the initial phase in first half of 13th century, the process intensified in the latter half of 13th and in 14th century. The geometrical plans of most towns and villages were developed according to the principle of full divisibility of the land; they included settlement centres (urban grid-based solutions, central squares in villages) and their economic backgrounds, inscribed precisely into strictly defined borders of all towns and villages: surveying of agricultural lands (divided into Franconian manses (laneus franconicus), earmarking sites for meadows, pastures, and forests. Systemically conducted, such actions resulted in the settlement base that is still legible in contemporary plans. In this way threedimensional spatial systems were shaped over the centuries. The connection between settlement structures with the natural landscape resulted from strategic reasons: protection from floods, and soil quality. Late Middle Ages and modernity (from 15th to mid-18th century) marked secondary changes in the planned settlement systems: the development of suburbs and hamlets rather than isolation of new settlement systems from earlier ones, and major transformations in the development itself. Krakow cityscape, dominated by multi-storey, solid (brick or stone) developments was an exception already towards the end of 14th century The .standard. development consisted of single-storey, wooden houses, with regional differentiations perceptible already in 18th and 19th centuries. Church towers provided dominant elements, manors surrounded with parks developed in the places where charters located the seats of district leaders (Polish wójt, Latin: advocatus) and headmen (Polish: sołtys, Latin: scultetus), holy figures were put up on borders and along roads among especially planted trees, valleys served the development of fishponds (present in great numbers in the Duchies of Zator and O.więcim), and mills. The countryside of the turn of the period was glorified in 20th century as an epitome of the native village and town. The time of Enlightenment brought certain corrections. Following the achievements of the Great Sejm (Sejm Wielki), the shaping of modern Krakow began by incorporation of satellite towns and independent villages. The reforms introduced by Emperor Joseph II (1780.1790) in Galicia brought about a few rationally planned urban systems (Podgórze, the new centre of Biała) and rural systems (colonies) and charting of .the Imperial Route., which straight, avenue-like sections differed from the winding medieval roads. Parks provided a new element in city programmes from the 1st half of 19th century onwards. Since mid-19th century a necessary condition for city existence were railway lines that introduced new elements into the countryside: bridges, embankments, buildings. The time of Galician autonomy not only brought the development of brick buildings to the cities and towns of Galicia but also greatly expanded their sizes. Rural landscape would, nevertheless, change only to a lesser degree: late in 19th and early in 20th centuries diminutive, historical churches were began to be replaced by new .giants.. The medieval lay of the land in the Russian Partition was obscured by demarcation of new property divisions resulting from the repressions that followed the uprisings. The period between the two world wars was the time of developing structures that harmonised with the landscape, as e.g. the industrial and settlement complex of Mo.cice near Tarnów. A reflection of Nazi occupation in the landscape are the proofs for criminal racial segregation: districts for Herrenvolk, the walls of Jewish ghettos, and concentration and death camps including KL Auschwitz. The Stalinist variation of totalitarianism led to .ideal. compositions to the like of .socialist. urban developments and the architecture of Nowa Huta and its panoramic relations to the Steel Mill. The mushrooming and sprawl of industry enforced the development of concrete jungles so typical for the People.s Republic of Poland. These mockeries of the idea of .the garden city. destroyed the panoramas of nearly every city, with Kraków in the lead. The contemporary transformations of rural architecture resulted in elimination of traditional development in favour of .cube-like. houses scattered in the landscape from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Carpathians in the south. Unmanaged legacy of the People.s Republic was aggravated by contemporary threats including commercialisation of space, pressure of major developments offering no more than banal architecture, increasing threat to the greeneries and recreational areas, and transformation of authentic elements of heritage into their caricatures (as in the case of Tropsztyn castle). Lack of heritage conservation awareness among the decision makers is mirrored by urban zoning plans that do not define heritage protection zones.

6

Nawarstwienia historyczne: dokument i zabytek

Krasnowolski B.

Auxiliary Sciences in Archaeology, Preservation of Relics and Environmental Engineering

|

2007

|

T. 3 spec. ed.

1-3

7

Układ przestrzenny Biecza w XIII i XIV wieku: kompozycja i analogie

Krasnowolski B.

Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki

|

2002

|

T. 47, z. 4

361-369

EN

Biecz, a town in the south-eastern Cracow region, located along routes leading to Ruthenia and Hungary, and the centre of a castellany, was for long the object of interest on the part of mediaevalists as well as archaeologists and architects working on-the-spot research. Archaeological excavations confirmed the hypothesis proposed by A. Żaki about a castellan castle-town and suburbium, proving the establishment of a locatio settlement centre "from scratch". The pre-locatio Biecz was associated with the castellan castle-town on a hillock, the site of the later castle above the Ropa river valley. Apparently, a more exact determination of the date of the locatio is facilitated by the parish church of Corpus Christi. This Church holiday, introduced by Pope Urban IV in 1264, was popularised by the Franciscans. The erection of the church simultaneously with the town's locatio could not, therefore, precede the year 1264. Analyses of the local market square and the surrounding development, conducted by J. Barut, made it possible to ascertain the applied measures, based on the foot = 0,293 m. This was a characteristic value in the majority of the town-planning configurations from the time of Bolesław the Chaste. In the City of Biecz the foot appears in "small" ropes (125 feet; 36,625 metres) and "large" ropes (150 feet; 43,95 m. each). The town-planning configuration of the centre of Biecz, elongated in accordance with the east-west course of the route parallel to the Ropa basin, was granted a general checkerboard disposition. It follows from the above modular analysis that the market square was 275 x 250 feet large, and thus the proportions of the blocks amounted to 3 : 2. The depth of the blocks (lots), as a rule, totalled 144 feet, i. e. four times the 36-feet unit, which corresponded to the depth of the Cracow lots; only in the case of two-front blocks was the lot a depth smaller (125 feet). Both the general composition of the configuration and its particular components have analogies in the town planning of mediaeval locatio cities of Little Poland. Rectangular market squares are much more frequent than square ones, especially in checkerboard-strip configurations. Usually, the proportion of the blocks corresponds to simple numerical ratios. The 3:2 proportion also occurs in Olkusz, Mstów, Żmigród Nowy, Bobowa and Ciężkowice. An essential element of a town's locatio programme (as well as that of a village) was land endowment, whose analysis should be based on the structure of the Frankonian laneus. The town-planning configuration of Biecz occupies a significant position among all the towns of Little Poland located according to German law at the time of Bolesław the Chaste. From the viewpoint of typology it is situated between the already outdated street-strip configurations (Zawichost, Wojnicz, probably Bochnia), and the checkerboard, monumental Grand Locatio of Cracow and the much smaller Skała.