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EN
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical used in oxidation reactions, treatment of various inorganic and organic pollutants, bleaching processes in pulp, paper and textile industries and for various disinfection applications. It is a monopropellant, which, when purified, is self-decomposing at high temperatures or when a catalyst is present. Decomposing to yield only oxygen and water(disproportionation), hydrogen peroxide is one of the cleanest, most versatile chemicals available. The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide allows the use of various catalysts that will increase the rate of decomposition. Comparison and description of the most commonly used catalysts were presented in this review.
EN
Research about exploitation the potential of waste and sludge increased drastically in the recent years. One of the most promising alternative methods of waste management is Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC), which generate clean bio-electricity using microorganisms. Organic compounds, sewage, municipal solid waste could be used as a source for microbial nutrition. The construction of MFC is one of the most important parameter in laboratory studies and during scale-up. The efficiency of MFC depends on many factors including type of membrane. To obtain optimization in terms of various operating conditions, a prototype of Microbial Fuel Cell with exchangeable membrane was projected and fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) technology. This novel device allows to research effects of different types of separator membranes. Preliminary research showed possibility to produce 3D printed MFC systems.
3
Content available Aquaculture waste management
EN
Fish and seafood production has grown steadily in the past five decades. Total world fisheries and aquaculture production reached 167.2 million tonnes in 2014 [1]. Intensive fish production triggers growth in the amount of waste processing, which has serious environmental impacts. Utilization and energy recovery from fish waste have become areas of interest for the global economy. Specialized methods and techniques have been developed to acquire biomethane, biodiesel and biofertilizer from fish biomass. Also, using physical, biochemical and thermochemical processes, relevant substances (such as fish protein hydrolysate, natural pigments, chitosan and collagen) can be obtained.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono rezultaty badań nad przydatnością wybranych osadów eupelagicznych (mułów ilastych krzemionkowych) i hydrogenicznych (konkrecji polimetalicznych, naskorupień kobaltonośnych) do pozyskiwania pierwiastków ziem rzadkich (REE). Wykorzystano wyniki analiz geochemicznych 137 próbek mułów ilastych krzemionkowych, pochodzących z poligonu IOM H11 (Interoceanmetal Joint Organization), znajdującego się we wschodniej części Strefy Rozłamowej Clarion-Clipperton (CCFZ) na Pacyfiku. Otrzymane wyniki porównano z dostępnymi danymi literaturowymi odnoszącymi się do zawartości REE w tlenkowych skupieniach żelazowo-manganowych oraz w osadach eupelagicznych z innych perspektywicznych obszarów oceanicznych. Przeprowadzone analizy geochemiczne wykazały, że suma koncentracji pierwiastków ziem rzadkich i itru (ΣREY) w osadach badanego poligonu wynosi od 199,99 do 616,56 ppm, przy średniej 288,81 ppm. Badania porównawcze średnich zawartości REE w konkrecjach polimetalicznych i naskorupieniach kobaltonośnych wskazują, że największe ilości REY zawierają naskorupienia ­kobaltonośne Oceanu ­Indyjskiego (ΣREY = 2541 ppm) oraz północnego Pacyfiku (ΣREY = 2487 ppm). Konkrecje polimetaliczne odznaczają się ­umiarkowanymi zawartościami pierwiastków ziem rzadkich, przy czym rozpoznane zależności zmian ich koncentracji są związane z ­typami genetycznymi konkrecji.
EN
The study deals with the potential and suitability of selected eupelagic sediments (siliceous-clayey silts) and hydrogenic marine ferromanganese oxides (polymetallic nodules and cobalt-rich manganese crust) as a possible resource of rare earth elements (REE). A total of 137 surface sediment samples from the Interoceanmetal Joint Organization (IOM) H11 Fe-Mn nodule deposit, eastern part of the Clarion-Clipperton nodule field (located the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone – CCFZ; tropical Pacific), were collected using a box corer during a research cruise of the R/V Yuzhmorgeologiya. The chemical composition of samples was analysed after 4-acid digestion by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and compared with available literature data of REE concentration in marine ferromanganese oxides and eupelagic sediments from the prospective ocean areas.The geochemical analysis shows the total rare earth elements and yttrium (ΣREY) contents in the investigated samples range from 199.99 ppm to 616.56 ppm with an average of 288.81 ppm. Comparative study of average REY concentration in polymetallic nodules and cobalt-rich manganese crust from selected areas of the global ocean reveals the highest content of REY in cobalt-rich manganese crust of the Indian Ocean, Pacific Crust Zone (PCZ – the area of seamounts in the central and western equatorial Pacific, from the equator area to 20°N latitude) and Northern Pacific (non – PCZ). Polymetallic nodules are characterized by intermediate concentration of REY, and the variations of composition depend on genetic types of nodules.
EN
The paper presents the characteristics of types, occurrence and distribution of the ocean polymetallic deposits: polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, seafloor massive sulphides and metalliferous clays. Possibility of extraction of critical raw materials (for the EU) and strategic raw materials (according the OECD report) from the ocean polymetallic deposits is indicated. Polymetallic nodules are the most recognized type of ocean polymetallic deposits, abundant mostly in abyssal basins at the depths of3500-6000 m b.s.l. The most important practical metals from the polymetallic nodules are: Fe, Mn (280 000-320 000 ppm), Ni (11 000-14 000 ppm), Co (2100 ppm), Cu (9500-13 000 ppm), Mo and rare earth elements (REE). Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, which are laminatedferromanganese clusters occurring at a depth interval between 400-4000 m b.s.l., can have a prospective significance for the extraction of critical raw materials. They are found on the seamounts where seafloor currents have swept the rocky bottom clear of sediment. They contain large amounts of metals: Mn, Co, Ti, Pt, Te, Mo and Zr. The key factor determining the profitability of the crust mining will be cobalt extraction. However, profitability may increase if nickel, tellurium or REE would be recovered at the same time. The analyses show that the seafloor massive sulphides would be of great importance, as they are the potential source of gold, platinum, silver, copper, zinc and lead. Extraction ofthese deposits is associated with the smallest area ofexploitation and depth ofoccurrence (between 1500-3700 m b.s.l.) which can significantly facilitate commencing of mining operations. Their commercial extraction could begin in the next few years, provided a high concentration of gold and metals in the location near the coast, and a depth below 2000 m b.s.l. Metalliferous clays, which are the deposits enriched in manganese oxides or hydroxides and sulphides or iron, could become an important prospective source of rare earth elements. This is confirmed by a study in two regions: eastern South and central North Pacific. Prospective possibilities of mining the ocean polymetallic deposits increased due to a high concentration ofMn, Ni, Cu, Co, Pt and REE (La, Ce, Nd, Yb, Eu). REE recovery particularly increases the economic value of these deposits. Mining of the ocean polymetallic deposits would meet many technological difficulties and should be preceded by detailed environmental studies.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono ogólną charakterystykę tlenkowych skupień żelazowo-manganowych oraz oceanograficzne uwarunkowania ich występowania i rozmieszczenia. Analizę geologiczno-porównawczą przeprowadzono na podstawie wyróżniających cech perspektywicznych pól występowania konkrecji polimetalicznych tj. Pola Clarion-Clipperton, Pola Centralnoindyjskiego i Pola Peruwiańskiego oraz naskorupień kobaltonośnych na podmorskich górach Pacyfiku (Marshalla, Wake-Necker). Badania oparto na aktualnych danych i źródłach literaturowych. Dane dotyczące form występowania, głębokości zalegania, struktury dna oceanicznego oraz ujawnionych zależności oceanograficznych ich występowania są niezmiernie istotne dla podejmowanych działań związanych z przyszłymi procesami wydobywczymi omawianych kopalin metalicznych.
EN
This article presents the general characteristics of the manganese oxide concentration and the oceanographic conditions of their occurrence and distribution. The geological analysis has been based on the distinguishing characteristics of the most promising ore fields of polymetallic nodules occurrence, i.e. Clarion-Clipperton Ore Field, Central Indian Ocean Ore Fields and Peruvian Ore Field, as well as cobalt-rich ferromanganese crust on the submarine mountains of the Pacific (Marshall, Wake-Necker). The study has been based on current data and literature resources. Data regarding the forms of occurrence, depth, the structure of the ocean floor and disclosed oceanographic relations of their occurrence is extremely important for taking actions with respect to future excavation processes of the metallic minerals discussed.
PL
Ogólnopolska konferencja pt. "Gospodarka odpadami a przyjazne prawo - nowe technologie usuwania azbestu" odbyła się 28 października 2009 r. w Sejmie RP w Warszawie. Podczas jej trwania skupiono się głównie na omówieniu planowanych zmian w ustawie o odpadach, które dotyczą także wyrobów azbestowych.
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