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1

Analysis of energy efficiency and dynamics during car acceleration

Graba Mariusz, Bieniek Andrzej, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Hennek Krystian, Mamala Jarosław, Burdzik Rafał, Śmieja Michał

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2023

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Vol. 25, no. 1

art. no. 17

EN

In this work, the authors focused on analyzing the energy efficiency and dynamics during car acceleration, featuring investigation of acceleration dynamics under various acceleration intensities. The tests were performed in the speed range between 45 km/h and 120 km/h, at a constant gear ratio. This enabled obtaining variable dynamic parameters of the acceleration process, ranging from about 0.1 to 1.4 m/s2, and recording variation in fuel consumption from 6.28 to 27.03 dm3/100km. The study focused on determining the relation between fuel consumption, energy efficiency and vehicle acceleration depending on the available drivetrain power. The relation between fuel consumption and vehicle acceleration was described by using the dynamic index. The proposed dynamic index takes into account the energy (from burned fuel) and vehicle acceleration intensity to obtain an objective metric for characterizing the acceleration process. The aforementioned index takes the form of the passenger car movement energy quality index and can be related to widely known physical properties, thus ensuring its universality. The index expresses the energy expenditure within the time needed to accelerate a vehicle weighing 1kg by a 1m distance. As opposed to other criteria that are applied to the assessment of passenger cars dynamics, the index shows a high determination coefficient R2 in excess of 0.99, and can be used as a universal metric to test other vehicle types.

2

Analysis of passenger car powertrain system measurements in road conditions

Bieniek Andrzej, Graba Mariusz, Mamala Jarosław, Augustynowicz Andrzej, Szczepanek Michał

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

144--151

EN

The paper is focused on presenting a methodology for measuring power and torque based on diagnostic equipment available in most diagnostic workshops, such as OBD interfaces or the CAN Bus on-board data transmission network, under real-world road conditions. The publication presents an algorithm for calculating the powertrain’s torque and power based on measurements of changes in vehicle speed or acceleration recording during a two-phase road test. The results presented, based on the method described, apply to both the internal combustion and electric vehicle. Common powertrain operating parameters, such as maximum power, maximum torque and the powertrain’s flexibility parameters described in the literature, are proposed for the final evaluation of the vehicle’s traction system.

3

Evaluation of energy consumption in the acceleration process of a passenger car

Mamala Jarosław, Graba Mariusz, Bieniek Andrzej, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Hennek Krystian, Kołodziej Szymon, Mazurek Bartosz, Sproch Maciej

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 3

35--44

EN

The analysis of the vehicle acceleration process is a current topic based on the aspects related to the general characteristics of the car, its parameters, design, drive unit performance, and the influence of external factors. However, the ability to accelerate is essential from the point of view of the active safety of the car. Often the dynamic parameters are determined on the basis of the car acceleration test carried out on a level road with good surface in terms of the acceleration time is not reliable and the credibility of such results depends on many factors. Therefore in the article, the authors assessed the dynamic and energy parameters of the car motion, in which the intensity of acceleration of the car with different intensities was examined. The acceleration intensity test was carried out from the set initial speed of the car of 45 km/h to the final speed of 120 km/h at a constant gear ratio, and the set intensity of the acceleration process resulted from the constant throttle with a constant deflection of the accelerator pedal. Acceleration was carried out in two variants, the first for a normal internal combustion engine and the second for the same engine but additionally equipped with a short-term boost system. In this way, it influences the increase in power and energy in the car drive system, changing its acceleration intensity. Variable car acceleration intensity was obtained in the range from 0.12 to 1.37 m/s2, and energy consumption at the level of 0.4 to 1.2 MJ in the distance of 1/4 mile. The article proposes a combination of energy parameters and engine power in order to assess the acceleration dynamics, for this purpose, the specific energy consumption of the car was determined, ranging from 0.35 to 2.0 J/(kg∙m), which was related to the engine power, denoting it with the dynamics index. The study focuses on the assessment of the relationship between the specific energy consumption and acceleration of passenger cars in the available powertrain system using a new dynamics index. The proposed dynamics index combines the energy and dynamic parameters of the car to be able to objectively quantify the acceleration process.

4

Energy consumption of a passenger car with a hybrid powertrain in real traffic conditions

Bieniek Andrzej, Graba Mariusz, Mamala Jarosław, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Hennek Krystian

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 4

15--22

EN

The analysis of energy consumption in a hybrid drive system of a passenger car in real road conditions is an important factor determining its operational indicators. The article presents energy consumption analysis of a car equipped with an advanced Plug-in Hybrid Electric Drive (PHEV), driving in real road conditions on a test section of about 51 km covered in various environmental conditions and seasons. Particular attention was paid to the energy consumption resulting from the cooperation of two independent drive units, analyzed in terms of the total energy expenditure. The energy consumption obtained from fuel and energy collected from the car’s batteries for each run over the total distance of 12 500 km was summarized. The instantaneous values of energy consumption for the hybrid drive per kilometer of distance traveled in car’s real operating conditions range from 0.6 to 1.4 MJ/km, with lower values relating to the vehicle operation only with electric drive. The upper range applies to the internal combustion engine, which increases not only the energy expenditure in the TTW (Tank-to-Wheel) system, but also CO2 emissions to the environment. Based on the experimental data, the curves of total energy consumption per kilometer of the road section traveled were determined, showing a close correlation with the actual operating conditions. Obtained values were compared with homologation data from the WLTP test of the tested passenger car, where the average value of energy demand is 1.1 MJ/km and the CO2 emission is 23 g/km.

5

Study of energy consumption of a hybrid vehicle in real-world conditions

Mamala Jarosław, Graba Mariusz, Bieniek Andrzej, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Augustynowicz Andrzej, Śmieja Michał

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 4

636--645

EN

The paper presents an analysis of energy consumption in a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) used in actual road conditions. Therefore, the paper features a comparison of the consumption of energy obtained from fuel and from energy taken from the vehicle’s batteries for each travel with a total distance of 5000 km. The instantaneous energy consumption per travelling kilometre in actual operating conditions for a combustion engine mode are within the range of 233 to 1170 Wh/km and for an electric motor mode are within the range of 135 to 420 Wh/km. The average values amount to 894 Wh/km for the combustion engine and 208 Wh/km for the electric motor. The experimental data was used to develop curves for the total energy consumption per 100km of road section travelled divided into particular engine types (combustion/electric), demonstrating a close correlation to actual operating conditions. These values were referred to the tested passenger vehicle’s approval data in a WLTP test, with the average values of 303 Wh/km and CO2 emission of 23 g/km.

6

Identification and classification of selected internal combustion engine inefficiency based on vehicle structure vibrations

Prażnowski Krzysztof, Mamala Jarosław, Bieniek Andrzej, Graba Mariusz

Vibrations in Physical Systems

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2020

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Vol. 31, nr 1

art. no. 2020110

EN

The combustion engine generates forced vibrations, caused by periodically acting external forces resulting from the combustion of the fuel-air mixture. Any changes in this process cause an increase in the value of vibration amplitude and a change in the distribution of harmonics dominating in the frequency domain. In order to identify selected malfunctions of the internal combustion engine of the Polaris off-road vehicle tested, its current parameters were correlated with the vibrations transmitted to the vehicle's structural elements. An integrated sensor for measuring acceleration using the direct method, made in MEMS technology, was used for the tests. The recorded signals of the acceleration components were subjected to analysis in the frequency domain, thus identifying the characteristic harmonic components in the analyzed spectrum. For the classification of incompleteness based on registered signals, a diagnostic inference matrix based on our own algorithm of conduct was used.

7

Assessment of gait stability and preferred walking speed in virtual reality

Wodarski Piotr, Jurkojć Jacek, Polechoński Jacek, Bieniek Andrzej, Chrzan Miłosz, Michnik Robert, Gzik Marek

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2020

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Vol. 22, no. 1

127--134

EN

Analysis of human gait as well as diagnosis of human locomotion organ should always be conducted with velocity of gait equal to Preferred Walking Speed (PWS). The literature review shows that the PWS value is not the same in real and virtual environment. The aim of this study was to determine PWS values in both environments and to specify values of parameters used in equations enabling PWS calculations on the basis of lower limb length. Methods: Research-related tests involved 40 subjects walking on the treadmill and wearing HMD goggles. The spatial scenery made participants feel like during a walk in the park. The tests included measurements of displacements of the COP, allowing for the calculation of the Lyapunov exponent and Floquet Multiplier. Both coefficients were used to identify stability at various gait velocities. Results: The analysis revealed that the PWS in relation to gait on the treadmill with VR was lower than the PWS without VR. The final stage of research involved the determination of new values of coefficients of the formula enabling the identification of the velocity of comfort of gait in VR. Conclusions: Obtained results proved that PWS in real and virtual environment are different. The lower values were obtained for measurements in VR. On the basis of these results, value of the “a” coefficient, used in PWS calculations on the basis of lower limb length, was re-determined. The new value makes it possible to assess PWS for gait conducted on treadmill in virtual environment, what can be very important in gait evaluation.

8

Slip at vehicle transmission system with hydrokinetic converter in the urban test cycle

Bieniek Andrzej, Mamala Jarosław, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Graba Mariusz

Journal of KONES

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2019

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Vol. 26, No. 4

21--28

EN

The study concentrated on slip phenomenon occurring at hydrokinetic converter in passenger car transmission system. Optimization of modern automatic transmission systems aims, on the one hand, to further increase the comfort of use, and on the other hand to improve the efficiency and reliability operation of individual components, in such a way as to ultimately result in lowering fuel consumption and also harmful emissions. One of the important factors affecting the mentioned transmissions properties as a whole system is the slip phenomenon occurring between the pump and the hydrokinetic converter turbine. The study presents the results of research on ZF 4HP20 and Fuji Hyper M6 gearboxes operating in vehicle transmission systems. The tests were carried out using the MAHA MSR 500 chassis dynamometer during driving at chosen test cycles. The research covered the transmission systems operating according to selected control algorithms affecting not only the gear shifting strategy but also the operation of the lock up clutch causing the transmissions slip values. As shown by the conducted research, the algorithm controlling the operation of the torque converter can have a significant influence on their operating indexes. The conducted analyses indicate the possibilities of improving the transmission operating indexes, especially in urban driving cycles.

9

Self-learning control algorithms used to manage the operating of an internal combustion engine

Graba Mariusz, Mamala Jarosław, Bieniek Andrzej

Journal of KONES

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2019

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Vol. 26, No. 4

75--82

EN

The article presents the possibility of using self-learning control algorithms to manage subassemblies of an internal combustion engine in order to reduce exhaust emissions to the natural environment. In compression ignition (CI) engines, the issue of emissions mainly concerns two components: particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The work focuses mainly on the possibility of reducing the emission of nitrogen oxides. It is assumed that the particularly problematic points when it comes to excessive emission of harmful substances are the dynamic states in which combustion engines operate constantly. In dynamically changing operating points, it is very difficult to choose the right setting of actuators such as the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve to ensure the correct operation of the unit and the minimum emission of these substances. In the light of the above, an attempt was made to develop a selflearning mathematical model, which can predict estimated emission levels of selected substance basing on current measurement signals (e.g. air, pressure, crankshaft rotational speed, etc.). The article presents the results of the estimation of nitrogen oxides by the trained neural network in comparison to the values measured with the use of a sensor installed in the exhaust system. The presented levels of estimated and measured results are very similar to each other and shifted over time in favour of neural networks, where the information about the emission level appears much earlier. On the basis of the estimated level, it shall be possible to make an appropriate decision about specific settings of recirculation system components, such as the EGR valve. It is estimated that by using the chosen control method it is possible significantly to reduce the emission of harmful substances into the natural environment while maintaining dynamic properties of the engine.

10

Application of biogas to supply the high compression ratio engine

Bieniek Andrzej, Mamala Jarosław, Graba Mariusz, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Śmieja Michał, Wereszczyński Dariusz

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 4

40--46

EN

The study concerns the use of biogas as a fuel for supplying a modified self-ignition engine. As a result of the modifications made, the compression ratio was reduced and the engine was equipped with an ignition system and an electronically activated engine throttle. The changes have made it possible to burn biogas in a high compression ratio engine. The paper presents the results of research conducted on a low power cogeneration system with engine that drives an electrical machine cooperating with a 380/400 V network. The analysis includes, among other things, the possibility of producing electricity using biogas. The paper presents the influence of regulatory parameters such as the volume and composition of the supplied gas mixture and the degree of throttle opening on the obtained engine operation indicators and the driven electric machine. The tests were carried out in relation to the obtained ecological indicators depending on the concentration in the exhaust of such substances as: HC, CO, NOx.

11

Zakresy ruchów kręgosłupa podczas terapii poznawczo – ruchowej w przestrzeni wirtualnej w rehabilitacji pacjentów z wybranymi uszkodzeniami ośrodkowego układu nerwowego – wyniki wstępne

Małecka Elżbieta, Garbowska Iga, Dyba Monika, Szostek Joanna, Boratyn Monika, Wodarski Piotr, Jurkojć Jacek, Bieniek Andrzej, Guzik-Kopyto Agata, Pasek Jarosław

Aktualne Problemy Biomechaniki

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2019

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z. 17

59--67

PL

Uszkodzenia ośrodkowego układu nerwowego (OUN) wiążą się z upośledzeniem określonych funkcji poznawczo – ruchowych w organizmie człowieka. Następstwa uszkodzenia mózgu mogą objawiać się czasową bądź trwałą niepełnosprawnością i/lub ograniczeniami neurobehawioralnymi. Poszukiwanie nowych metod diagnostyki i rehabilitacji OUN często prowadzi do wykorzystania Technologii Wirtualnej Rzeczywistości. Terapia wirtualna jest interaktywna w czasie rzeczywistym i pozwala na ruch w trzech wymiarach. Celem pracy była ocena ilościowa i jakościowa zakresów ruchomości wybranych odcinków kręgosłupa podczas wykonywania ćwiczeń ruchowo-poznawczych w wirtualnej rzeczywistości. Badania przeprowadzono z udziałem 5 osób z uszkodzeniami OUN, które poddano 2-tygodniowej rehabilitacji. Oceny terapii dokonano na podstawie zmian ruchomości poszczególnych odcinków kręgosłupa przed i po terapii. Wyniki potwierdzają nowe możliwości diagnostyczne tradycyjnej terapii połączonej z Technologią Wirtualnej Rzeczywistości.

EN

Central nervous system (CNS) damage is associated with the impairment of certain cognitive - motor functions in the human body. The consequences of brain damage can be manifested by temporary or permanent disability and / or neurobehavioral restrictions. The search for new methods of CNS diagnostics and rehabilitation often leads to the use of Virtual Reality Technologies. Virtual therapy is interactive in real time and allows traffic in three dimensions. The aim of the study was the quantitative and qualitative assessment of ranges of mobility of selected spinal segments during exercise and cognitive exercises in virtual reality. The research was carried out with the participation of 5 people with CNS damage, which underwent 2-week rehabilitation. The assessment of therapy was made on the basis of changes in the mobility of individual spine sections before and after therapy. The results confirm the new diagnostic possibilities of traditional therapy combined with the Virtual Reality Technology.