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Free fare public transport as a determinate on pupils travel behavior and preferences in their daily travels towards sustainable mobility – the case of Gdynia (Poland)

Grzelec Krzysztof, Hebel Katarzyna, Helbin Maciej, Kołodziejski Hubert, Wyszomirski Olgierd

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

2023

z. 121

89--106

The concept of influencing changes in transport behavior towards sustainable mobility, which is gaining popularity in the 21st century, is free public transport (FFPT). It is estimated that the number of cities in which attempts were made to introduce FFPT exceeds 100. Most of them are located in Europe, especially in France and Poland. FFPT has mostly been restricted to specific city areas or market segments in the hope of increasing demand for public transport services. Because of this, a number of publications on free fare results refer to specific cases in cities. The main aim of this article is to examine the impact of free fares on the behavior and transport preferences of pupils in Gdynia, Poland. On the basis of the study of preferences and transport behavior of the inhabitants of Gdynia, carried out earlier by the team in 2010, 2012, 2015, and 2018, a preliminary description of the behavior and transport preferences of students was prepared. The research of the pupils was conducted twice: before and after the introduction of free travel entitlements. The results of the research carried out, and the data analysis, confirmed that FFPT had no impact on demand for public transport services or the travel behavior of pupils. According to the authors, the lack of positive effects of FFPT on travel behavior in the segment of students, or even more broadly, for achieving the purposes of sustainable mobility, results from the interaction of the following factors: specificity of students' travel behavior determined by the schedule of school activities, pupils' positive attitude to cars as urban transport means, not covering all means of public transport services of FFPT in Gdynia (the city rail is not covered by FFPT), short period of time since FFPT has been introduced. The results of the presented studies could not be verified due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors emphasize that before introducing FFPT, politicians should rely on the analysis of anticipated changes in the behavior of residents and the impact of FFPT on the economy of public transport, sustainable mobility goals and political and social results. This article complements the current knowledge on the results related to the introduction of FFPT for a selected group of residents.

Effects of the COVID-19 travel restrictions on metropolises mobility: empirical evidence from the Tri-City metropolis (Poland)

Grzelec Krzysztof, Hebel Katarzyna, Okraszewska Romanika, Wyszomirski Olgierd

Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG

2023

nr 26(1)

52--68

This paper aims to assess changes in mobility and modal shift caused by COVID-19 travel restrictions among the residents of Gdańsk Bay Metropolis (Poland). Measurement’s moments were assumed in periods differing in the level of restrictions. The computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) was carried out in November and December 2020. The results did not confirm the expected modal shift. However, significant changes in the number of trips between periods were observed. Restrictions in the first period of the pandemic resulted in a greater decrease in mobility than the restrictions at the end of the year. Moreover, significant associations were found between transport behaviour and place of residence. Nevertheless, possible negative changes in the modal split after the pandemic ends should be counteracted by improving the quality of public transport services. As the most important attributes of public transport attracting passengers after the pandemic respondents recognized: high frequency of vehicles, low cost of travel, not overcrowded vehicles. However, some residents declared they will not use public transport regardless of service improvements. Consequently, to meet the objectives of sustainable mobility policy, it can be necessary to increase the share in the modal split of other sustainable modes of travel.

Uwarunkowania organizacyjne rozwoju pasażerskiego transportu miejskiego

Grzelec Krzysztof

Transport Miejski i Regionalny

2020

nr 2

22--27

Nowe technologie transportowe i rozwój gospodarki cyfrowej są w ostatnich latach determinantami zmian w zachowaniach transportowych ludności. Władze publiczne przeznaczają znaczne kwoty na rozwój nowych sposobów przemieszczania się, nie doceniając znaczenia wyboru dla nowej działalności odpowiednich form organizacyjnych. Przedsiębiorcy prywatni, eksperymentując z różnymi modelami biznesowymi, pod presją czasu podejmują ryzykowne decyzje kończące się często wycofaniem oferty z rynku lub likwidacją działalności na danym rynku. Zjawiska te są typowe dla rynków charakteryzujących się wysoką dynamiką wzrostu. Cele zrównoważonej mobilności wymagają jednak stabilizacji oferty usług transportowych alternatywnych dla prywatnych samochodów. Problematyce uwarunkowań organizacyjnych na różnych rynkach cząstkowych poświęcony jest niniejszy artykuł. Omówiono czynniki rozwoju na rynku transportu publicznego, pojazdów na minuty oraz nowej formy mobilności – Mobility as a Service. Podsumowanie zawiera najważniejsze wnioski z przeprowadzonej analizy.

In recent years, new transport and digital technologies have been determinants of changes in the transport behavior of the population. Public authorities allocate considerable amounts to the development of new modes of transport. They underestimate the importance of choosing appropriate organizational forms for new activities. Private companies experiment with various business models and under time pressure, take risky decisions that often result in withdrawing services from the market or liquidating activities in a given market. These phenomena are typical for markets with high growth dynamics. Sustainable mobility objectives, however, require stabilization of alternative services to private cars. This article is devoted to the issue of organizational conditions on various sub-markets. Market development factors from public transport, vehicles per minute and a new form of mobility - Mobility as a Service were discussed. The summary contains the most important conclusions from the analysis.