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1

Zmiany wielkości i struktury przestrzennej lesistości a rozwój sieci obszarów chronionych na Roztoczu w XX w.

Kałamucka W., Kałamucki K., Cebrykow P., Cygan J.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2016

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Tom 18, cz. 2

363--374

EN

The aim of the study is to assess the size and the spatial distribution of forest cover change in Roztocze in the period 1930-1990, the identification of main causes and the connection with the system of protected areas. Different types of protected areas in both Polish and Ukrainian part of Roztocze were selected as test areas. High rank of natural values of Roztocze area justifies this selection. In 2011, Biosphere Reserve was created in the Ukrainian part and Transboundary Biosphere Reserve Roztocze will be created in the near future, including the Polish part. The area of TRB Roztocze will include the most important protected areas in the Polish and Ukrainian part of Roztocze, where the forests are a significant element of biodiversity.The study was based on the spatial data on forest areas and built-up areas obtained from topographic maps at scale 1: 100 000 made in the 30s and 90sof the twentieth century. Maps selection was preceded by query cartographic materials and the assessment of their suitability for these types of researches. The spatial analysis methods (GIS) were used in the studies, mainly cartometric methods. Their results are presented on maps using cartographic methods of presentation: ranges and cartograms.The study showed that in Roztocze region the forest area increased by over 20% in the analyzed time period (approx. 60 years). This situation refers mainly to protected areas situated on Roztocze Rawskie and Tomaszowskie. However, there was almost no changes recorded in the case of Roztocze Gorajskie, where the protected areas are the smallest. The main reason for the forest area increase were settlement changes (many of villages on the Polish-Ukrainian border zone disappeared after World War II) and forestry succession on rural areas. The forest area reduction was caused by the spatial development of urban centers such as Tomaszów Lubelski, Józefów and a formation of the military training ground in the Ukrainian part of Roztocze.

2

Ewolucja funkcji planów miast wobec rozwoju systemów nawigacyjnych

Grzechnik L., Kałamucki K., Meksuła M.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2013

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T. 45, nr 1

15--24

PL

Dynamiczny rozwój kartografii mobilnej, a zwłaszcza systemów nawigacyjnych, wywiera bardzo duży wpływ na opracowywane i wydawane współcześnie plany miast. Spowodowane jest to przejęciem i rozwinięciem przez te systemy, niektórych tradycyjnych funkcji planów miast. Zaistniała sytuacja skłania do modyfikacji treści prezentowanych na planach, co w połączeniu ze zmieniającymi się oczekiwaniami użytkowników, stawia przed kartografami wiele nowych wyzwań. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą określenia kierunków ewolucji współczesnych planów miast oraz jej wpływu na proces redakcyjny i percepcję treści przez użytkownika.

EN

The emergence of new technologies, especially of location and navigation systems has caused considerable changes on the market of cartographic publishing. That influence is especially visible in the case of city maps. This is so, because one of the basic functions of city maps was to orientate, a function mainly used by drivers to plan itineraries and move within city limits. Navigation systems are a lot more convenient in usage and possess numerous functions inaccessible to maps. That is why many users switched to navigation systems at the cost of maps. As a result, a lot of information traditionally featured on maps loses importance. The main users of maps are currently tourists, other visitors than tourists and inhabitants. The evolution of map users' needs makes the pedestrian or the person using public transport the main user of the map. This situation strongly influences the editing process and completely changes the information structure presented on a city map. Currently, it is public utility facilities such as office buildings, services, commercial and recreational areas that gain importance. In order to make the reception of this information accurate and easy, it is necessary to hierarchize it by dividing it into categories. The main criterion of division should be the importance of a facility to potential users. In order to accurately present municipal space, it is crucial to supply information about functions, physiognomy and intensity of land use. This is valid for both area and facilities on it. The best solution could be the landscape approach. An adequately done typology of municipal landscapes allows for multilateral characterization of built-up, communication, services and industrial areas as well as highly diversified green terrains. Such an approach is natural for a map user, because usually landscape perception is an introduction to contact with the surrounding environment. In order that the information included on the map effectively reaches the user, it is necessary to solve many editing problems. The most important one is proper hierarchization of presented content. It can be analyzed at the level of data and at the level of graphics. In the first case, the city map author must decide which data to include and which data to omit, then order the data with relation to significance for the user. Proper lineup of information causes it to be put on a few levels, which can be identified with the levels of reading a map. The lineup of data must next be translated to the language of graphics, applying the rules of visual grammar. The hierarchization of city map content should be conducted both inside particular groups of information and on a general level (group hierarchization). Perception of city map content is as important as content hierarchization. Knowledge of psychological and sociological aspects of map content reception by various user groups as well as the inclusion of mental map research results are of greatest significance here. The changes in map user profile seem to indicate, that the average map recipient is less interested in the precision and detail of presented content than in its validity, clarity and easiness of information handling. The only way to cater for these needs is to validate map content more frequently and to apply a simple, intuitive system of cartographic signs. The changes of editorial solutions which can be observed on city maps published today are evolutio¬nary in character. However, the pace of changes in municipal space, transformation of city map users' expectations along with extremely fast technological growth are revolutionary in character. As a result, the pace of adapting city maps to contemporary needs seems to be too slow. In order to respond to challen¬ges facing cartographers, it is necessary to change not only ways of presentation, graphics and content scope, but the concept of city map. The solution to the problem calls for serious discussion among cartographers and definitely will not be easy.

3

Jakościowe metody prezentacji stosowane na mapach turystycznych

Kałamucki K., Świerk K.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2011

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T. 43, nr 3

225--238

PL

Przeprowadzone badania dotyczące kartograficznych metod prezentacji miały na celu rozpoznanie, sklasyfikowanie oraz ocenę poprawności ich stosowania na mapach turystycznych. Pozwoliło to wskazać słabe i mocne strony metodycznych aspektów kartografii turystycznej. Do analizy wybrano 44 mapy. Mapy polskie stanowiły większość. Kryterium wyboru były: tytuł mapy i odpowiadający mu zakres treści, liczba przedstawianych na mapie informacji turystycznych, liczba stosowanych zmiennych graficznych oraz bogactwo legendy. Odrzucone zostały mapy z ubogą treścią turystyczną oraz różne schematy i panoramy. W celu przeprowadzenia wnikliwej analizy metod kartograficznych stosowanych na mapach turystycznych autorzy najpierw dokonali wyboru jednolitego systemu ich podziału. Jako podstawę przyjęli klasyfikację L. Ratajskiego, którą zweryfikowali o poglądy innych autorów (J. Pasławski 2005, 2009, K.A. Saliszczew 1998) i przystosowali do potrzeb analiz map turystycznych. Pierwsza część badań polegała na wyszukaniu na mapach i przyporządkowywaniu wszystkich elementów treści (nie tylko objaśnionych w legendach) odpowiednim metodom. Wyniki analizy każdej mapy zestawiono w dwóch tabelach – dla treści turystycznej oraz dla treści topograficznej. Drugi etap polegał na szczegółowej ilościowej analizie uzyskanych wyników według przyjętych rożnych kryteriów, np. skali, tytułu mapy, rodzaju metody, typu sygnatur, itp. Autorzy zestawili liczbę wydzieleń elementów topograficznych i turystycznych na analizowanych mapach. Obliczyli i przedstawili udział procentowy stosowanych na mapach turystycznych kartograficznych metod prezentacji treści turystycznej i topograficznej oraz określili udział rodzajów sygnatur w obrębie metody sygnatur punktowych i liniowych, a także określili udział róznych rodzajów zasięgów w metodzie zasiegów. Przedstawione wyniki badań pokazały małe zróżnicowanie stosowanych metod przezntacji, częste powtarzanie na mapach tych samych metod i znaków umownych. Na mapach przeważa metoda syganturowa. W większości są to sygnatury punktowe oraz liniowe geometryczne i symboliczne. Pozostałe metody z zakresu metod jakościowych stosowane są rzadziej. Większość obiektów prezentowana jest takimi samymi rodzajami sygantur. Mankamentem analizowanych współczesnych map jest brak charakterystyk ilościowych, oprócz czasu przejścia na szlakach i długości odcinków dróg. Można stwierdzić, że współczesne mapy turystyczne charakteryzują się monotonią form prezentacji, a także dużym podobieństwem formy graficznej znaków.

EN

The aim of research concerning cartographic methods of presentation was to identify, classify and evaluate how appropriate their usage is on tourist maps. This allowed to indicate strong and weak points of methodological aspects of tourist cartography. 44 maps were chosen for analysis. The majority were Polish maps. Criteria of choice were: the title of the map and corresponding range of content, the quantity of tourist information presented on the map, the number of used graphic variables and the richness of the legend. Maps with poor tourist content as well as various schemes and panoramas were rejected. In order to conduct a thorough analysis of cartographic methods used on tourist maps, the authors accepted the classification of L. Ratajski and verified it with opinions of other authors (J. Pasławski 2005, 2009, K.A. Saliszczew 1998) and adapted it to the needs of tourist map analyses. The first part of research consisted in identifying all content elements (not only those explained in legends) and assigning them to adequate methods. The results of each map’s analysis were presented in two tables – for tourist content and for topographic content. The second part consisted in the detailed quantity analysis of obtained results according to various criteria, e.g. scale, map title, kind of method, type of symbols, etc. The authors compared the number of divisions of tourist and topographic elements on analyzed maps. They calculated and presented the percentage of cartographic methods of presenting tourist and topographic content used on tourist maps, determined the share of the kinds of symbols used within the scope of the point and line symbol method, and established the share of different kinds of ranges in the range method. The research results which were presented showed poor differentiation of applied presentation methods and frequent repetition of the same methods and symbols on maps. The symbol method predominates. The majority are geometric and symbolic point and line symbols. Other methods from the range of quality methods are employed more rarely. The majority of objects are presented with the same kind of symbols. The disadvantage of the analyzed contemporary maps is the lack of quantity specifications, apart from trail duration times and road section lengths. It can be said that contemporary tourist maps are characterized by monotony of presentation forms and similarity of the graphic form of symbols used.

4

Metodyczne aspekty badania i prezentacji na mapach zmian zjawisk na przykładzie infrastruktury turystycznej Roztoczańskiego Parku Narodowego

Kałamucki K., Buk D.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2010

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T. 42, nr 3

199-210

PL

W artykule przedstawiono główne problemy metodyczne dotyczące badania i prezentacji zmian na mapach. Przedmiotem i obszarem badań była infrastruktura turystyczna w rejonie Roztoczańskiego Parku Narodowego. Zaprezentowano charakterystykę obiektów, wyjaśniono znaczenie doboru materiałów źródłowych i wydzielenia okresów czasowych, omówiono cechy prezentacji kartograficznej ruchu i zmian stanu oraz przedstawiono wybrane problemy redagowania map stanów, map wielofazowych oraz map typów. Rozważania teoretyczno-metodyczne zilustrowano kilkoma przykładami.

EN

Cartographic methods of presentation are often used in tourist research not only by geographers but also by many specialists from other fields. They use maps to present results of their research. The article is an example of using cartographic methods of presentation for research and visualization of tourist issues on maps. It contains a summary of main methodological problems connected to research and presentation of changes in tourist infrastructure on maps. Tourist infrastructure is one of the most important elements of tourist space. Its distribution and changes can be researched and presented on maps. Presentation of changes of objects, phenomena, and processes on maps is a relatively difficult issue, because of its dynamic character, requiring a 4-dimensional display on a 2-dimensional map. At the editing stage one should start with determining the character of presented phenomena in order to select the most appropriate method of cartographic presentation. The next step is the selection of source materials and determining the timeframe. Each of the three types of maps of change presented in the article has different characteristics. Static maps are easy to prepare, but difficult in interpretation of changes. Multiphase maps require complex editorial solutions, while type maps require deep analysis of the character of changes in order to select the type to be presented on the map. The research shows that cartographic methods are very useful for analysis and presentation of changes of tourist infrastructure. Despite a lot of research and application of modern technology, presentation of dynamics of change on maps is still an open question.

5

Problemy redakcyjne i sposoby ich rozwiązania w Atlasie polskiego podziemia niepodległościowego 1944-1956

Kałamucki K.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2009

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T. 41, nr 2

103-114

PL

Koncepcja Atlasu polskiego podziemia niepodległościowego 1944-1956 powstała w Oddziałowym Biurze Edukacji Publicznej Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej w Lublinie, a założenia merytoryczne i metodyczne kartograficznej części publikacji zostały przygotowane przy współpracy pracowników naukowych Zakładu Kartografii Uniwersytetu Marii Curie Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. Celem autorów, redaktorów i kartografów było opracowanie atlasu, będącego wartościowym źródłem informacji i analiz zarówno dla zawodowych badaczy naukowców, jak i dla miłośników historii. Atlas powinien także służyć jako pomoc dydaktyczna.

EN

The concept of Atlas of Independence Underground in Poland 1944-1956 was created in the Regional Office of Public Education of the Institute of National Remembrance in Lublin, with the methodological assumptions of the cartographic part of the publication being prepared with the cooperation of the scientific staff of the Department of Cartography of Maria Skłodowska-Curie University in Lublin. The aim of the authors, editors and cartographers was to prepare an atlas, which would be a valuable source of information and analyses for both professional researchers and history lovers. The Atlas should also serve as an educational tool. The Atlas is a single volume consisting of three thematically-chronological parts. The primary, cartographic part is divided into four groups. The first group includes maps presenting structures of the under- ground resistance on a national level, from January 1944 to December 1956. The second important group consists of maps showing particular topics in regional approach, divided into voivodships. The third group presents three sheets of maps of Poland showing quantitative characteristics. The last group is a map of Poland presenting other conspiracy organizations. The Atlas uses cartographic source materials from the time preceding the outbreak of the World War II and from the post war times. The contents of source maps in 1:500 000, 1:1 000 000, and 1:2 000 000 was generalized accordingly. Maps of voivodships were prepared mostly in three basic scales of 1:1 000 000, 1:500 000 and 1:2 000 000. Maps of Poland were prepared in 1:4 000 000 and 1:7 000 000. The result of five years' work of the team of 55 historians and 11 cartographers was an impressive publication of 660 pages, 399 maps, thousands of facts and about a thousand iconographic materials.

6

Żołnierze wykląci na mapach

Kałamucki K.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2008

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nr 2

56-57

7

Kształtowanie się treści i formy planów miast wydawanych przez Polskie Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych

Kałamucki K., Mazur C.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2001

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T. 33, nr 3

213--225

PL

W artykule omówiono rozwój treści i formy planów miast wydanych przez PPWK w ciągu prawie piećdziesięciu lat. W pierwszej części dokonano charakterystyki dorobku wydawniczego w tym zakresie. Następnie scharakteryzowano główne cechy czterech generacji planów miast. Omówiono również pierwsze opracowania planów miast przez nowo powstałe firmy kartograficzne na przełomie lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych. W dalszej kolejności scharakteryzowano plany zaliczane do piątej generacji. Końcową część artykułu stanowi podsumowanie, w którym przedstawiono w ujęciu chronologicznym kolejne etapy doskonalenia planów miast PPWK.

EN

The paper pertains to the development of content and graphic design of city maps, published since 1955 by the State Cartographic Publishing House (Państwowe Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartografiucznych) - and the Polish Cartographic Publishing House since the nineties. During this period, over 800 city maps have been issued (nearly 200 new editions and over 600 updated ones, Table 1). the above number does not include historical city maps, reprints of old maps, city atlases or maps of foreign cities and towns. The number of maps published each year varies. No distinct growth trend can be noticed throughout this period. The largest number of the city maps (40) appeared in print in 1970. According to the city map classification introduced by the J. and W. Ostrowski (1968, 1986) the main group of maps published by the PPWK is composed of general-reference city maps. This category of maps, along with hiking maps are considered to be the most often used type of cartographic publications. The analysis of content and graphic form of city maps issued by the PPWK allows us to distinguish five generations of these maps. W. Nerlo (1986) described the first four ones. The first generation is composed of maps put out between 1955 and the easily sixties. Poor thematic content as well as the highly schematized public transportation presentation are characteristic of this group (Fig. 6a). The maps issued between the early sixites up and the mid-seventies would fall into the second generation. The map contents was largely increased and also the quality of graphic presentation improved significantly (color nominal point symbols have been introduced, Fig. 2and 6b). The next distinct step in the city map evolution can be noted in the mid- seventies - and lasted till the mid-eighties (third generation). W. Nerlo also decribed the fourth generation of the PPWK city maps, which is composed of maps based on large scale topographic and urban maps. This series was initiated in 1985 by the maps of Stalowa Wola and Stargard Szczeciński. The late 1980s and early 1990s brought significant changes to the map market in Poland. Numerous new cartographic firms dealing with city maps have been established during that time. Their city maps are of varied cartographic quality (K. Kałamucki 1996). They have numerous features characteristic of the PPWK maps. The impact of the PPWK cartographic style can easily be noticed. Since the late 1990s several new features have been introduced to the PPWK city maps. The most important ones include the modifications to the built-up areas presentation (presentation of individual buildings and their numbering), introduction of at least 4 new road and street categories, as well as the new color design (Fig.5). These modifications allow us to categorize this group as the fifth generation of the PPWK city maps. The first city maps prepared in part by digital means appeared in 1996 and 1997 (Szczecin, Wałbrzych, Jelenia gora0 and the years 1998-1999 saw the first maps prepared and printed entirely using the digital technology (Zakopane, Poznań and Kraków). The turn of the centuries brought further changes to the PPWK city map design. In September, 1999 first GPS-compatible maps appear in print. This would have been impossible without the preparation of fully cartometric maps and without giving the deatils of the cartographic projection used. The following new elements are being introduced since 2001: - new color design, - new built-up areas generalization style, - unification of editorial projects in all maps, lauching of the new map series under the "Copernicus"brand, - the city mass transit content was enriched. In the whole PPWK activity, the following facts should be stressed: - scale was shown city maps as late as in the mid 1980s., - first maps had the legend in Polish only Foreign map legends have been introduced in the late 1960s (most often in three languages), - the explanation of areal features (green areas and built-up areas) was fully intriduced as late as in 1980s., - it was not until the turn of the century that the full mathematical base information (including the cartographic projection and grid) was shown, - since the 1970s the entire area of cities and towns are shown in maps.

8

Dorobek i stan polskiej kartografii w ostatnim dziesięcioleciu

Czerny A., Kałamucki K., Ostrowski W., Żyszkowska W.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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1999

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T. 31, nr 1

3-14

PL

Artykuł przedstawia dorobek kartografii geograficznej w drugiej połowie lat osiemdziesiątych i w latach dziewięćdziesiątych w kontekście zmian politycznych i gospodarczych, postępu technologicznego oraz nowych kierunków w teorii i metodologii kartografii. Na tym tle scharakteryzowano dzisiejszy stan polskiej kartografii oraz stojące przed nią zadania.

EN

The present state and development of Polish cartography during the past decade was chiefly influenced by the political changes after 1989, which resulted in, among others, the suppression of censorship and development of market economy. Thanks to these changes, the general access to large- and medium scale topographic and thematic maps has been granted, as well as the supply of maps and atlases elaborated by newly created firms grew extensively. Another important factor of the development of Polish cartography, also connected with the development of market economy, was the wider application of modern digital techniques. The computer aided graphics has been applied to produce maps more and more often (in encyclopedias, atlases, tourist and city maps as well as multi-sheet topographic and thematic maps). Despite the delay, compared with the developed countries, digital cartography (GIS-aided map elaboration) has been developing faster and faster. In the field of topographic mapping, the new concept of 1:10,000 and 1:50,000 scale maps is worth mentioning. The elaboration and publication, according to this new concept, of around 1,000 sheets of the 1:10,000 map (covering 6% of the country) as well as around 350 sheets of the 1:50,000 map (33% of the country). The 1:50,000 scale map is also used as a base map to produce a series of thematic maps prepared by the state institutions (i.e.hydrographic, geoecological and geologic maps). Within the Corine-Land Cover program a nationwide land cover database based on the satellite imagery has been created. In the field of atlas cartography the publication of the "Atlas Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej" (Atlas of the Republic of Poland - national atlas) and "Atlas Śląska Dolnego i Opolskiego" (Atlas of the Lower and Opole Silesia - regional atlas) are considered the most important achievements. On the threshold of a new century the Polish cartography is to face the following important goals: - introduction of a uniform nationwide system of gathering and distributing digital spatial data - adoption of an uniform, national map datum for all state topographic and thematic maps, as well as the elaboration of digital version of these maps - constant modernization of the process of cartographic education - elaboration of a series of new school atlases corresponding with the new school curricula.

9

Teoria ocen a ocena map

Kałamucki K.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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1998

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T. 30, nr 1

3-9

PL

Artykuł poświęcony jest teorii ocen w nawiązaniu do ocen opracowań kartograficznych. Po przedstawieniu istoty problemu oraz znaczenia oceny map w teorii i praktyce kartograficznej, wyjaśniono podstawowe pojęcia związane z teorią ocen, dokonano klasyfikacji ocen oraz omówiono etapy procesu oceny map. Artykuł stanowi wstęp do kolejnej publikacji związanej bezpośrednio z problematyką oceny map.

EN

A rapid increase of the number of maps and atlases published nowodays in the world forces the potential map users to choose the best possible publications. These choices are often associated with the evaluation of maps. The cartographic publications are evaluated not only by their users, but also the mapmakers during the whole process of compilation of new maps. Also, maps are evaluated during the analyses of cartographic market. The word 'evaluation' stands for 'the calculation or judgment of the value or degree of'. According to R. Wawrzyńczak (1981, 1983) the process of evaluating consists in assigning the value to certain object, based on particular criteria. The process of evaluating is inseparably associated with the notion 'value'. The term 'value' designates the feature, or a set of features typical of a given objrct. The science dealing with values is called aksjology. It deals most of all with the ethical and aesthetic values, whereas the utilitarian evaluation is the subject of praxiology. It is the praxiological aspect of evaluation that is most adequate to cartography (W. Ostrowski 1979). In the process of evaluating, we also quite often deal with the term 'quality'. In praxiology the term 'quality' stands for the set of features of a product, most often associated with the evaluation (e.g. good or poor quality). Such an evaluation could be passed, among others, considering the already existing pattern (T. Pszczołowski 1978). The estimates can be classed using the kind of approval or disapproval. Using such a criterion, two basic kinds of estimates can be distinguished: - emotional (adequate, absolute), - utilitarian (instrumental, relative, practical) (T. Pszczołowski 1967, R. Wawrzyńczak 1981, T. Kotarbiński 1982, 1990). The emotional estimates express the emotional attitude toward a certain object. They can be further subdivided into the aesthetic and ethical ones. In cartography we often deal with the aesthetic estimates, chiefly when evaluating the map form. The utilitarian estimates state if a object is adequate (or not) to something, necessary or unnecessary, serviceable or harmful. The utilitarian estimates can also be divided into instrumental - pertaining to objects, and technical - pertaining to human activities and the working of machines etc. An estimate is the outcome of the conscious acts leading to the passing of judgment on the value of an object. These acts as a whole form the process of evaluation. Basing on the opinions presented in this paper, and taking into account the specificity of evaluated objects (maps and atlases in cartography), the following stages of the process of evaluating can be distinguished: - selection of the object and the aim of evaluation, - selection of the evaluating criteria, - selection of the evaluating techniques, - presentation and verifying of the evaluation outcome. The paper presents the characteristics of individual stages of the evaluating process with special regard to evaluation of maps. ‹D$8]_‰0

10

Kryteria kompleksowej oceny map

Kałamucki K.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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1998

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T. 30, nr 2

89-96

PL

Autor artykułu porusza problem wyboru kryteriów kompleksowej oceny map, a następnie omawia znaczenie głównych cech mapy w ujęciu historycznym, przedstawia różne podejścia do oceny map oraz omawia kryteria i cechy map, według których należy je oceniać. W końcowej części pracy podaje kilka wskazówek dotyczących wyboru kryteriów kompleksowej oceny map oraz proponuje własne, główne kryteria.

EN

Taking under consideration the specificity of maps as the objects of evaluation, the author separated the following stages of the process of evaluating: 1) defining the object and the aim of evaluation, 2) selecting and defining the criteria, 3) selecting the evaluation techniques, 4) presenting and verifying of the results. The paper briefly presents the development of opinions on the quality of maps and the criteria of map evaluation. The first maps were expected to provide the reliable information. As the mapmakers achived their experience, the number of detail presented on maps became important. From the time maps are based on detailed surveys, also the accuracy of cartographic presentation plays a very important role. During the Renaissance the graphic form of maps was considered vital. Extensive graphic form was the superseded by their informativeness. At the same time the problem of map readability appeared, as a feature also pertaining to the map user. The paper presents the development of concepts on the main properties of maps, according to which it is possible to evaluate maps. The opinions of the following cartographers have been quoted: M. Eckert-Greifendorf, M.K. Bocharov, I.W. Garmiz, L.E. Smirnov, K.A. Salistchev, L. Ratajski, W. Grygorenko, Y.T. Boum. Finally, the author proposes his own criteria for the evaluation of maps. He is of the opinion, like a few other cartographers, that maps should be evaluated considering both their form and contents. However, such criteria seem too general and do not precise the range of evaluation. Therefore, within the criterion of map contents the mathematical components, contents, explanations and cartographic design were subdivided. As to the map form he proposes to take into account the following components: graphic design, coloring and the quality of technological realization, as well as the general composition and additional contents. The above mentioned criteria have been used to evaluate a number of different city maps (K. Kałamucki 1994).