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Zastosowanie techniki FTIR i metod chemometrycznych do oceny procesu biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków komunalnych osadem czynnym

Piaskowski Krzysztof, Walendzik Bartosz

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

2024

Nr 1

32--39

Biologiczny proces osadu czynnego jest najpopularniejszą metodą stosowaną w licznych oczyszczalniach ścieków, która z reguły pozwala na uzyskanie wymaganego efektu ekologicznego. Jednakże charakteryzuje się ona również pewną niestabilnością uzyskiwanych efektów zależną od warunków i parametrów, na które częściowo eksploatator nie ma wpływu. Dlatego też poszukuje się szybkich technik analitycznych do kontroli i oceny osadu czynnego, które w przypadku pojawienia się nieprawidłowości w komorach biologicznych pozwolą na podjęcie decyzji operacyjnych korygujących proces, jak również jego optymalizację. W niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano możliwości wykorzystania analizy FTIR-DRIFT zawiesiny osadu czynnego połączonej z analizą chemometryczną wybranych parametrów osadu i ścieków do oceny procesu oczyszczania na poszczególnych etapach pracy reaktora biologicznego. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że zastosowanie techniki FTIR do szybkiej oceny procesu biologicznego jest możliwe, a w połączeniu z modelowaniem PLS i po odpowiednim skalibrowaniu z wartościami parametrów fizyczno-chemicznych może stanowić element kontrolny w eksploatacji oczyszczalni ścieków.

The activated sludge process is the most popular method used in many sewage treatment plants, which usually allows to achieve the required ecological effect. However, it is also characterized by a certain instability of the obtained effects, depending on conditions and parameters which are partly beyond the operator's influence. Therefore, rapid analytical techniques are being sought for the control and assessment of activated sludge, which, in the event of irregularities occurring in biological tanks, will allow operational decisions to be made to correct the process as well as its optimization. This article presents the possibilities of using FTIR-DRIFT analysis of activated sludge suspension combined with chemometric analysis of selected sludge and sewage parameters to assess the course of the purification process at various stages of operation of the biological reactor. The obtained results indicate that the use of the FTIR technique for rapid assessment of a biological process is possible, and in combination with PLS modeling and after appropriate calibration with physical and chemical parameters, it can constitute a control element in the operation of sewage treatment plants.

The Use of Giant Miscanthus (Miscanthus × Giganteus) in 2G Bioethanol Production

Smuga-Kogut Małgorzata, Bugajski Sławomir, Piskier Tomasz, Walendzik Bartosz

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

2023

Tom 25

413--422

The study aimed to obtain bioethanol from biomass using chemical treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (5 and 10%) were used for the delignification process, and enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using three commercial cellulolytic preparations (Cellic® CTec2, cellulase from Trichoderma reesei and cellulase from Aspergillus species). The final step involved an alcoholic fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae TYPE II yeast. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the content of reducing sugars was determined in the samples, and the fermentation yield was controlled by determining the ethanol content by pycnometry. Using chemical pretreatment increased the yield of the whole process by at least 50%. The content of reducing sugars after hydrolysis depended on the type of enzyme preparation used for hydrolysis and the use of NaOH in pretreatment. The highest reducing sugars content (45.8 g/dm3) was achieved in a sample of material purified with 5% NaOH, and enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out using Cellic® CTec2. It means the efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis process equals 94.69%. The concentration of bioethanol after alcoholic fermentation in this sample was 0.509 g/l.

Impact of reduced straw content on the sewage sludge composting process

Sidełko Robert, Walendzik Bartosz, Smuga-Kogut Małgorzata, Janowska Beata, Szymański Kazimierz, Głowacka Anna, Leśniańska Aleksandra

Archives of Environmental Protection

2020

Vol. 46, no. 4

70--77

The main objective of presented research work was the assessment of the impact of reduced straw content, as organic carbon source, on the course of sewage sludge composting process. During the research work performed in industrial conditions, the composting process going in periodically overturned windrows differing in proportion of dehydrated sludge, straw and structural material being 4:1:1 and 8:1:2 respectively, was observed. The consequence of increase of sludge concentration with relation to straw was decrease of C:N ratio in the input material from 11.5 to 8.5. The following parameters were analyzed as indicators for the assessment of the composting process: contents of fulvic acids (FA), humic acids (HA), lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose as well as absorbance in UV/VIS (λ=280, 465 and 665 nm) range. The results obtained have indicated that the increase of sludge content extends the elevated temperature (T>50°C) period from 42 days to approximately 65 days. Our tests did not confirm that limitation of straw content added to sewage sludge had any adverse effect on the course of composting. PI index (HA/FA), which qualifies the compost as mature in the first case – No 1, exceeds limit value of 3.6 on the 83rd day whereas, in the second case No 2, on the 48th day.