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Effect of Different Organic Additives on Surface Morphology and Microstructure of Zn-Mo Coatings Electrodeposited from Citrate Baths

Hara A., Kazimierczak H., Bigos A., Świątek Z., Ozga P.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

2019

Vol. 64, iss. 1

207--220

The effect of cationic, anionic and nonionic surface active additives, organic compounds and polymers on the electrodeposition of Zn-Mo coatings on steel substrate and detailed characterization in chosen optimal conditions was studied. The influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) various concentration, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), triton X-100, d-sorbitol, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), thiourea and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) on the electrodeposition process was examined. The composition of deposits was defined by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF). Results has shown that the current efficiency of the electrodeposition of Zn-Mo coatings is 71.4%, 70.7%, 66.7% for 1.5 g/dm3 PEG 20000, 0.1 g/dm3 Triton X-100 and 0.75 M D-sorbitol respectively. The surface topography and roughness of selected coatings on steel was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The attendance of D-sorbitol of 0.75 M in the solution cause clear reduction of grain size and the value of roughness parameter (Ra) in relation to SDS, PEG, Triton X-100 and the sample prepared without the additives. The morphology of electrodeposited layers was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of selected additives to the electrolytic bath results in the formation of smoother, brighter and more compact Zn-Mo coatings in comparison to layers obtained from similar electrolytes but without the addition of surfactants. The optimal concentration of the most effective additives such as PEG 20000, Triton X-100 and D-sorbitol is 1.5 g/dm3, 0.1 g/dm3, 0.75 M respectively.

Simulation of traffic flow through a toll gate

Shimizu H., Hara A., Tamaki T., Kita E.

Computer Assisted Mechanics and Engineering Sciences

2007

Vol. 14, No. 1

91-106

This paper describes the simulation of the traffic flow through toll gate. A two-lane road is considered as the object domain and then, the local rules are defined to control the vehicle behavior. First, one simulates the traffic flows through the road with two non-ETC gates or the road with two ETC gates. The maximum traffic amount on the roads with two ETC gates is less than that on the road without gates by about 10%, while, in the case of the roads with two non-ETC gates, the maximum traffic amount decreases by 80%. Next, one simulates the traffic flows through the road with one non-ETC gate and one ETC gate. The traffic amount depends not only on the vehicle occupancy but also on the percentage of ETC vehicles among all driving vehicles.