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PL
W pracy rozpatrywana jest problematyka budowy modeli matematycznych złożonych obiektów rzeczywistych, których uwikłane zależności wielkości fizycznych nie pozwalają na opisanie obiektu znanymi wzorami analitycznymi, jakie można zastosować w algorytmach komputerowych systemów sterowania z akceptowalnymi wskaźnikami jakości.
EN
The issue of the construction complex mathematical models of real dynamic objects is the current theme; the emergence of new tools such as powerful computers and numerical methods of optimization opens up new possibilities in this topic. Reflections on the objects are entangled relationship of physical parameters, which do not allow to describe the object known analytical formulas, that can be used in the algorithms of computer control systems to an acceptable quality indicators.
2
Content available Geologiczna wędrówka przez Orkady i Szetlandy
PL
W artykule przedstawiono główne rysy krajobrazu archipelagów Orkadów i Szetlandów w kontekście ich budowy geologicznej i rozwoju rzeźby. Wskazano miejsca, gdzie na powierzchni można obserwować skały i formy będące świadectwami kolejnych etapów złożonych dziejów geologicznych wysp, m. in. jedne z najstarszych skał na kontynencie europejskim (pozostałości kaledonidów), skały dawnego dna oceanicznego, intruzje granitowe i ślady dawnej aktywności wulkanicznej oraz formy rzeźby związane z tektoniką i działalnością lodowców. Omówiono także współczesne procesy rzeźbotwórcze, zachodzące w dynamicznie rozwijających się wybrzeżach klifowych, gdzie duże zróżnicowanie litologiczne osadów skutkuje bogactwem form rzeźby. Podkreślono także związek zróżnicowanej budowy geologicznej z rozwojem kulturowym i gospodarczym wysp (m. in. surowce skalne budujące zabytki neolityczne, eksploatacja ropy naftowej i kruszyw) oraz z przyrodą ożywioną (rezerwaty i ostoje ptasie w obrębie klifów).
EN
The main features of the landscape of the Orkney and the Shetland islands are presented in the article in the context of their geological and geomorphic development. The paper describes sites where rocks and landforms reflecting various stages of geological development appear at the surface. These include, among others, the oldest rocks on the European continent (remnants of the Caledonian orogen), rocks of an ancient ocean floor, granite intrusions, traces of former volcanic activity, landforms resulting from tectonics and glacial modelling. Also contemporary processes shaping the dynamic, rocky coastline are discussed, with attention paid to the influence of lithofacial variety of sediments on diversity of landforms within the cliffs and shore zone. The relationships between diversified geology, cultural and economic development of the islands and animate nature are mentioned, as well (eg., rocks used in the Neolithic buildings, oil and aggregate exploitation, nature resources and bird sanctuaries on the cliffs).
3
EN
Increasing belief that former forms of touristic management, with simultaneous interest of self-governments and social organizations, in development of various form of tourism based on searching for new "touristic products" which can be sold with a profit caused a surprisingly high interest in viewing towers so characteristic for the Sudeten. The apogee of their creation was on the brink of the 19th and 20th century. Only a few of them which were erected at that time were preserved until now in good technical shape and serve the initial purpose. Most of them were devastated or completely disappeared from the landscape. Others lost their viewing value because of the growth of trees surrounding them. Many self-governments from the Sudeten region are presently planning (most commonly basing on expected European Union resources) rebuilding or more often building viewing towers in their areas. The problem increases, especially if we take into consideration the fact that each tower is a far-reaching intrusion on the landscape, regularly already protected by law or deserving such protection. Even an open-worked, light tower becomes a landscape dominant mark, due to its location at altitude. To control the situation and direct such tendencies an attempt was made, in co-operation with self-governments, to define the scale of the problem and pointing out possible locations of towers and viewing points in the area of Kłodzko Land with use of the objects which already exist, both managed and those which were not exploited up to now.
EN
Textural and structural diversity of slope covers and alluvial deposits in the upper parts of mid-mountain valleys in the Eastern Sudetes allows for assessing human impact on their formation. Sandy-silty colluvial deposits in the lower parts of slopes or within local flats and slope depressions originate due to enhanced surface wash from arable grounds, in contrast to underlying coarser material with solifluctional features. Similarly, fine-grained overbank alluvial deposits can be also connected with human activity, as the slope material, washed down from arable fields, was transported to the channels and deposited within the floodplains during high-water stages. Their linkages with human activity have been confirmed by radiocarbon dating of charcoal found at the bottom of these sediments. The dates show a strong correlation with the dates of foundation of villages in the study area. The development of agriculture and deforestation of slopes resulted in increasing surface wash and transportation of slope material to footslopes and river channels. The extent of deposits, which can be correlated with human activity, is much more widespread than it was suggested before and they are found as high as 800 m a.s.l. Their thickness, however, is visibly smaller in comparison to colluvial or alluvial sediments deposited in the Sudetes foreland and it is strongly influenced by the local morphology. According to the 14C dating, these sediments are also much younger than those in the foreland, which corresponds to a substantial delay in human settlement expansion into the mountain areas.
6
Content available remote Atrakcje geoturystyczne Nowej Zelandii
PL
Artykuł prezentuje wybrane atrakcje geoturystyczne Nowej Zelandii. Są one podstawą do omówienia głównych aspektów budowy geologicznej oraz procesów rzeźbotwórczych, przeszłych i współczesnych, kształtujących krajobraz tego kraju. Zaprezentowano zarówno zjawiska wielkoskalowe - wulkaniczne i geotermalne procesy i formy Wyspy Północnej, charakterystykę genezy oraz współczesnej morfodynamiki Alp Południowych, współczesne i plejstoceńskie przekształcenia rzeźby w wyniku zlodowaceń, jak i zjawiska w skali lokalnej - formy krasowe i selektywne wietrzenie w Skałach Naleśnikowych oraz występowanie septarii - wielkich konkrecji - Głazy Moeraki.
EN
The article presents selected geotourist attractions of New Zealand. They form a basis to discuss the main geological features and past and present morphological processes shaping New Zealand's landscape. Large-scale phenomena are presented, such a volcanic and geothermal processes and landforms of the North Island, genesis and morphodynamics of the Southern Alps, present and Pleistocene landscape changes due to glaciations, as well as phenomena of local-scale, such as karst and selective weathering of the Pancake Rocks and occurrence of large septarian concretions, the Moeraki Boulders.
7
Content available remote Zaprojektuj własne okna
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