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EN
The paper presents an assessment of changes in water resources in the areas of two polders – Nielęgowo and Zagórów – located in the Wielkopolska region. Changes in water relations of the surveyed valley areas were analyzed on the basis of the position of groundwater table and water supplies in the top layer of soil. Detailed analysis of the results of measurements carried out in two in terms of wet, dry, and growing seasons of 2008 and 2012 showed a difference of stocks in the upper layers of soil moisture of valley areas. Changes of water backup and groundwater levels were associated with the course and distribution of precipitation in the analyzed periods of vegetation. In Zagórów polder the amount of precipitation in the winter half-year, preceding the analyzed vegetation period of 2012, has also affected the size of the water supply and the state of groundwater. Positions located in the upper parts of Zagórów polder were characterized by the greatest amplitude of fluctuations in water table levels. However, in the positions located in the lowest points, the amplitude of the fluctuations in water level amounted to 0.9 m on average. There were also differences in the stocks of water in the upper layers of soil. The largest reserves of water were found in the lowest-lying parts of the polder, where the maximum water supplies ranged from 305 mm to 364 mm. On the basis of statistical analysis, the purpose of which was to determine the relationship between the supply of water in the top layer of soil and groundwater conditions in valley areas found that from 81% to 90% of the total variability in the water supply was dependent on the level of fluctuations in the groundwater table.
EN
The paper presents the evaluation of seasonal and long-term changes in selected nutrients of three lakes of the Poznań Lakeland. The lakes were selected due to the high risk of pollution from agricultural and residential areas. Water samples were taken in 6 control points in the spring, summer and autumn, from 2004 to 2014. Trophic status of the lakes was evaluated based on the concentration of nutrients (nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, nitrogen and phosphorus) and indicators of eutrophication. Studies have shown that the concentration of nutrients varied greatly both in individual years and seasons of the analyzed decades, especially in Lakes Niepruszewskie and Pamiątkowskie. The main problem is the high concentration of nitrates. In general, it showed an upward trend until 2013, especially in the spring. This may indicate that actions restricting runoff pollution from agricultural sources have not been fully effective. On the other hand, a marked downward trend in the concentrations of NH4 over the years from 2004 to 2014, especially after 2007, indicates a gradual improvement of wastewater management. Moreover, seasonal variation in NH4 concentrations differed from those of NO3 and NO2. The highest values were reported in the autumn season, the lowest in the summer. Concentrations of nutrients and eutrophication indexes reached high values in all analysed lakes, indicating a eutrophic or hypertrophic state of the lakes. The high value of the N:P ratio indicates that the lakes had a huge surplus of nitrogen, and phosphorus is a productivity limiting factor.
3
Content available Restrukturyzacja deszczowni wielkoobszarowych
PL
Jednym z najlepszych sposobów uniezależnienia się rolnictwa od niedoborów opadów jest nawadnianie. W latach siedemdziesiątych i osiemdziesiątych ubiegłego wieku na terenie Wielkopolski zostało wybudowanych szereg deszczowni wielkoobszarowych. W końcu lat 70-tych ubiegłego wieku w województwie poznańskim zainstalowanych było 67 deszczowni o łącznej powierzchni 6400 ha. Średnia wielkość deszczowni wynosiła 95 ha. W roku 1989 było już 98 deszczowni, o łącznej powierzchni ponad 10 130 ha. Badania prowadzono w Katedrze Melioracji i Kształtowania Środowiska Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu w latach 1986–1998 na terenie 7 deszczowni wielkoobszarowych o powierzchni od 230 do 520 ha. Po wprowadzeniu na początku lat 90-tych gospodarki rynkowej i zmianach własnościowych w rolnictwie, wielkoobszarowe deszczownie uległy znacznej lub całkowitej dewastacji. Grunty po Państwowych Gospodarstwach Rolnych, poprzez Państwową Agencję Nieruchomości Rolnych, zostały wydzierżawione bądź sprzedane, a nowi właściciele w bardzo małym stopniu wykorzystywali istniejące deszczownie. Wiązało się to ze zmianą struktury upraw, popytu oraz wzrostem kosztów eksploatacji. Nastąpił także trzykrotny wzrost cen energii elektrycznej. Eksploatacja deszczowni wielkoobszarowych natrafiła w praktyce na różnego rodzaju bariery i ograniczenia. Wynikały one z rozwiązań systemowych, trudności zaopatrzeniowych i wysokim poziomem awaryjności urządzeń, co nie skłaniało do racjonalnego wykorzystania posiadanych deszczowni. Efektem przeprowadzonej wizji lokalnej w terenie było pokazanie aktualnego stanu pozostałej infrastruktury deszczownianej. Przyjęty system restrukturyzacji polskiego rolnictwa nie był najlepszym rozwiązaniem, powodującym zniszczenie ogromnego majątku wcześniej zainwestowanego między innymi w systemy deszczowniane.
EN
One of the best ways for agriculture to become independent from shortages of precipitation is irrigation. In the seventies and eighties of the last century a number of large-scale sprinklers in Wielkopolska was built. At the end of 1970’s in the Poznan province 67 sprinklers with a total area of 6400 ha were installed. The average size of the sprinkler reached 95 ha. In 1989 there were 98 sprinklers, and the area which was armed with them was more than 10 130 ha. The study was conducted on 7 large sprinklers with the area ranging from 230 to 520 hectares in 1986÷1998. After the introduction of the market economy in the early 90’s and ownership changes in agriculture, large-scale sprinklers have gone under a significant or total devastation. Land on the State Farms of the State Agricultural Property Agency has leased or sold and the new owners used the existing sprinklers to a very small extent. This involved a change in crop structure, demand structure and an increase in operating costs. There has also been a threefold increase in electricity prices. Operation of large-scale irrigation encountered all kinds of barriers in practice and limitations of system solutions, supply difficulties, high levels of equipment failure which is not inclined to rational use of available sprinklers. An effect of a vision of the local area was to show the current status of the remaining irrigation infrastructure. The adopted scheme for the restructuring of Polish agriculture was not the best solution, causing massive destruction of assets previously invested in the sprinkler system.
EN
The paper presents a preliminary study of analysis water quality in the off-channel reservoirs Pakoslaw and Jutrosin using the multivariate statistical techniques. Because of high biogenic pollution in Orla and Radeca rivers, Jutrosin and Pakoslaw reservoirs were based on an innovative concept in which the reservoirs were built on areas directly adjacent to rivers. Series of studies in the off-channel reservoirs were compared with water quality of Orla and Radeca rivers. The Orla together with the water reservoirs forms a right-bank tributary of the Barycz river. The storage reservoirs, built in the year 2007 (Pakoslaw) and 2011 (Jutrosin) represents off-channel reservoirs placed outside of the water course, but in its direct neighborhood. The reservoirs are filled by the water of Orla river from the water intake localized before the weir, while the water discharge into the river bed takers place through a discharge construction localized below the weir. Area of the Pakoslaw water reservoir is 26.6 ha and Jutrosin 90.5 ha. The multivariate statistical techniques such as cluster analysis (CA), factor analysis (FA), principal components analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis (DA) were taken advantage to interpretation and evaluation data. The aim of the present research was to use chemometric techniques (CA, PCA, FA and DA) in order to: discover similarities and differences in the pchysico-chemical composition of water in off-channel reservoirs and rivers, identify water quality indicators suited to its temporal and spatial variability, expose hidden factors accounting for the structure of the data, and identify man-made sources of water pollution. Cluster analysis (CA) showed that there is unmistakable difference between water quality in the reservoirs and rivers. More evident fluctuation in the physico-chemical composition were observed in reservoirs compared to rivers. This is the result of unique location and theirs maintenance. Factors of water quality during the refilling reservoirs were comparable. Afterwards the off-channel reservoirs and rivers works separately. Factor analysis (FA) confirmed different process of self-purification in reservoirs due to rivers. Typical for pchysico-chemical composition of water are indexes like Conductivity, Fe, Cl, BOD, SO4, Ca, Hardness, Mg, O2 and PO4. This is the result of discriminant analysis (DA).
PL
Zintegrowane zarządzanie zasobami wodnymi na terenach zurbanizowanych (ang. IUWM – Integrated Urban Water Management) jest częścią europejskiej polityki wodnej opierającej się na zasadach zintegrowanego zarządzania zasobami wodnymi (ang. IWRM – Integrated Water Resources Management), która zakłada m. in., że zlewnia hydrograficzna stanowi podstawowy obszar wszelkich działań planistycznych i decyzyjnych. Z kolei system planowania przestrzennego w Europie opiera się na granicach administracyjnych, co utrudnia holistyczne podejście do zarządzania zasobami wodnymi w granicach zlewni. Zatem w celu realizacji IUWM niezbędna jest dobra wola polityczna, właściwe zarządzanie i spójna polityka wodna. Niniejsza praca koncentruje się na problemach zarządzania zasobami wodnymi w Poznańskim Obszarze Metropolitalnym (POM), a jej głównym celem jest analiza dokumentów planistycznych i strategicznych pod kątem ich podejścia do problemów IUWM oraz wskazanie potencjalnych rozwiązań. Według delimitacji zaproponowanej przez Wielkopolskie Biuro Planowania Przestrzennego POM obejmuje 45 gmin wraz z Poznaniem. W jego skład wchodzi 15 miast powiatowych i 15 pozostałych miast. Powierzchnia POM stanowi ok. 21% powierzchni województwa wielkopolskiego. Szczegółowe analizy dotyczyły zlewni Skórzynki zlokalizowanej na terenie miasta Poznania oraz gmin wiejskich Tarnowo Podgórne i Dopiewo. Zlewnia Skórzynki zajmuje 21% powierzchni swojego recypienta – Potoku Junikowskiego. Potok Junikowski został określony jako silnie zmieniona część wód i jest zagrożony nieosiągnięciem celów środowiskowych. Ze względu na silne zmiany morfologiczne przewiduje się dla niego derogacje czasowe z powodubraku możliwości technicznych oraz dysproporcjonalne koszty związane z renaturyzacją cieku (obszar silnie zurbanizowany). W pracy wykorzystano dokumenty z trzech poziomów planowania (lokalnego, regionalnego i krajowego), koncentrując się przede wszystkim na miejscowych planach zagospodarowania przestrzennego, które są aktami prawa miejscowego i decydują o przeznaczeniu i sposobie zagospodarowania przestrzeni. W pracy przeanalizowano łącznie 38 obowiązujących planów miejscowych uchwalonych w latach 1995–2012 o łącznej powierzchni 165 ha. W planach dominowało przeznaczenie na budownictwo mieszkaniowe. Często jednak dopuszczano jednocześnie jako funkcję uzupełniającą nieuciążliwe usługi. Tylko 40% z analizowanych planów uwzględniało wskaźnik powierzchni i biologicznie czynnej. Wykonane analizy potwierdzają, że dokumenty planistyczne i strategiczne na poziomie krajowym uwzględniają zasady IWRM, pomimo braku jednoznacznej definicji tej polityki. Problemy mogą się jednak pojawić na etapie implementacji. Jednym z nich jest brak ustawy metropolitalnej, która mogłaby złagodzić konflikty pomiędzy gminami w strefie suburbanizacji a rdzeniem ośrodka metropolitalnego – głównym ośrodkiem miejskim.
EN
Great importance of land reclamation pumping stations in flood protection makes that operation and maintenance this kind of objects in the most cases is a priority. However, due to the significant resources allocated each year for maintenance a full technical efficiency of pumping stations, writers together with the Department of Drainage and Water Administration in Poznan, Regional Department in Leszno (WZMIUW, RO Leszno), the efforts to assess the possibility of improving the effectiveness of these devices were taken. The study was conducted in 2010–2012, when the 11 from among 12 existing pumping station made a complete renovation, including replacing all pumps, power supply and control system. In accordance with the strategy of the Polish Energy Policy we are obligated until 2030 to reduce energy consumption and increase energy yield of all production processes and supply about 15%. Therefore, the authors' intention was a series of measures seeking to optimize work of the existing pumping stations. In this case, the results of retrofitting achievement was compared by the use of index of economic improvement investments (“ee”). In this way, the present results of carried investment was determined. In calculations the model Life Cycle Cost (LCC) developed jointly by Europump and Hydraulic Institute were taken advantage. This model allows to determine the actual effects of the activities carried out throughout the whole life of pumping system (20 years), differentiating and comparing the results. Analyses were performed with respect to the proposed classification and distribution this objects on leeve’s, reservoir’s and channel’s pumping station. According to research, electricity costs account for 40% of the total expenditures carried by WZMIUW, RO Leszno. As a result of modernization the costs of electricity in total operating costs was reduced by 6%. The analysis conducted for land reclamation pumping stations point to a need for more detailed control of these facilities, including the introduction of the current monitoring continuous recording of rainfall and water level control inlet and the water level in the receiver. Obtained information in this way (with a certain advance) would allow to conduct a more optimal management of water in the catchment area of the pumping station, and thus on their a more efficient operation.
PL
W pracy przeprowadzono analizę efektywności energetycznej procesu eksploatacji pompowni melioracyjnych. Badaniami objęto 12 stacji pomp położonych w południowej części województwa wielkopolskiego. Wszystkie obiekty administrowane są przez Wielkopolski Zarząd Melioracji i Urządzeń Wodnych w Poznaniu, Rejonowy Oddział w Lesznie. Zgodnie z Polityką Energetyczną Polski do 2030 r., kraj jest zobowiązany do 20% wzrostu wydajności energetycznej wszystkich procesów produkcyjnych i dostaw. Z analiz jakie przeprowadzono w latach 2010–2012 wynika, że same koszty energii stanowią prawie połowę (40%) całkowitych kosztów użytkowania pompowni. Tak wysokie koszty energii elektrycznej są przede wszystkim efektem korzystania z uproszczonego jednostrefowego systemu rozliczania energii. System ten w przypadku pompowni pracujących okresowo, wydaje się być z uwagi na małą efektywność niezasadny. Powodem tego stanu jest brak wystarczającej analizy zapotrzebowania na energię. Zmiana sposobu jej rozliczania, a następnie przejście na taryfę niskiej mocy zamówionej C11/C12 mogą skutkować kilkudziesięcioprocentowymi oszczędnościami. Przykładowo zmiana taryfy z C21 na C12a w pompowni Wonieść w 2011 r. spowodowała obniżenie jednostkowych kosztów zużycia energii elektrycznej niemal dwukrotnie. Przeprowadzona w pracy analiza efektywności energetycznej pompowni melioracyjnych wskazuje na potrzebę wprowadzenia do bieżącego monitoringu ciągłej rejestracji opadów oraz kontroli poziomu zwierciadła wody dopływającej jak i poziomu wody w odbiorniku. Otrzymane w ten sposób informacje (z określonym wyprzedzeniem) pozwoliłyby zaplanować bardziej optymalną pracę pompowni.
EN
The energy efficiency of the operation and maintenance of land reclamation pumping stations were conducted at this paper. The study included 12 pump stations located in the southern part of the region of Wielkopolska. All objects are administered by the Great Poland of Land Melioration and Water Units Board in Poznan, District Branch in Leszno. It was found that the work of half of the analyzed pumps is very expensive, and maintenance cost incomparable to the results achieved. Operating costs of the analyzed drainage pumping stations account for 86% of total operating costs, of which 40% is energy cost, and the remaining 14% to the upkeep. Small relative time of operating pumps for leeve and channel pumping stations indicates a for a leap of work, which proves their inefficient use. The use of a larger number of pumps with less power would preserve the continuity and stability of their work.
PL
W krajowych przepisach prawnych zapis art. 113 ustawy z dnia 18 lipca 2001 ustawy Prawo Wodne [tekst jednolity Dz. U. z 2012 r. poz. 145 ze zm.] określa dokumenty planistyczne, które należy sporządzić na potrzeby planowania gospodarki wodnej. Jednym z etapów planistycznych zmierzających do poprawy lub utrzymania dobrego stanu wód w poszczególnych obszarach dorzeczy jest ustalenie warunków korzystania z wód regionów wodnych. W Polsce wyznaczono 21 regionów wodnych i dla każdego z nich właściwy terytorialnie regionalny dyrektor zarządu gospodarki wodnej opracował projekt warunków korzystania z wód regionu wodnego, obecnie następuje ich uchwalanie w formie aktów prawa miejscowego. Na podstawie art. 46 ustawy z dnia ustawy z dnia 3 października 2008 r. o udostępnianiu informacji o środowisku i jego ochronie, udziale społeczeństwa w ochronie środowiska oraz o ocenach oddziaływania na środowisko [tekst jednolity Dz. U. z 2013 r. poz. 1235 ze zm. dalej jako ustawa ooś] projekty polityk, strategii, planów lub programów w dziedzinie m.in. gospodarki wodnej opracowywanych lub przyjmowanych przez organy administracji, wyznaczających ramy dla późniejszej realizacji przedsięwzięć mogących znacząco oddziaływać na środowisko i/lub których realizacja może spowodować znaczące oddziaływanie na obszar Natura 2000 wymagają przeprowadzenia strategicznej oceny oddziaływania na środowisko. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było zbadanie jakie metody oceny są wykorzystywane na potrzeby sporządzania prognoz oddziaływania na środowisko oraz w jakim zakresie korzystano z Systemów Informacji Geograficznej (GIS) podczas sporządzania prognoz oddziaływania na środowisko projektów rozporządzeń w sprawie ustalenia warunków korzystania z wód regionów wodnych w Polsce.
EN
In Polish legislation, Article 113 of the Water Law Act of 18 July 2001 (Journal of Laws of 2012 item 145, as amended) specifies certain planning documents, which must be made for the purposes of water management planning. One of the planning stages leading to improvement or preservation of good environmental status of water in the individual river basins, is to determinate water use conditions in water regions. There are 21 water regions in Poland, for each one of them, territorially competent Director of the Regional Water Management Authority compiled the project of water use conditions in water regions. Currently, the conditions are being adopted in the form of local law. Pursuant to Article 46 of the Act of 3 October 2008 On the Provision of Information on the Environment and its Protection, Public Participation in Environmental Protection and Environmental Impact Assessment (Journal of Laws of 2013 item 1235, as amended), projects of policies, strategies, plans or programs relating to, inter alia water management, developed or adopted by the authorities, defining the framework for the subsequent implementation of projects that may significantly affect the environment and/or cause a significant impact on a Natura 2000 area, requires strategic environmental assessment. The aim of this study was to determine what methods of assessment are used for the strategic environmental assessment, and what is the range of usage of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in strategic environmental assessment of projects of regulations on determining the conditions for use of water in water regions in Poland. Based on the analysis it can be concluded that in most of the analyzed documents, the assessment criteria are not explicitly defined and not applying quantitative methods of forecasting the impact on the environment makes it impossible to compare the nature and primarily the scale of the impact on the individual components of the environment. Wider use of Geographic Information Systems in strategic environmental assessment is recommended, not only for data visualization but mainly for the use of tools helping to conduct spatial analysis and decision making. The results confirm that methods currently used in strategic environmental assessment are not sufficiently rewarding and provide technical and methodological challenge for experts working on their development. Solving the problem requires the development of more innovative and effective methods of evaluation.
PL
W pracy przeprowadzono ocenę stanu infrastruktury wodno-melioracyjnej oraz warunków i potrzeb jej utrzymania, jako podstawy racjonalnej gospodarki wodnej na użytkowanym rolniczo obszarze polderu Zagórów. Na podstawie badań terenowych stwierdzono, że stan techniczny 80,8% długości badanych kanałów i rowów melioracyjnych oraz 40,7% budowli hydrotechnicznych i komunikacyjnych jest niedopuszczalny i nie spełnia przyjętych kryteriów pozytywnej oceny technicznej. Główną przyczyną wykazanego stanu urządzeń melioracyjnych jest długoletnia eksploatacja urządzeń przy braku lub niedostatecznej częstości wykonywania zabiegów utrzymaniowych. Do przywrócenia odpowiedniego stanu technicznego urządzeń wystarczy w większości przypadków wykonanie konserwacji bieżącej. Przed przystąpieniem do robót należy jednak przeprowadzić szczegółową analizę dotyczącą niezbędności urządzenia dla sprawnego funkcjonowania systemu melioracyjnego. Analiza powinna dotyczyć aktualnych potrzeb melioracji danego obszaru z uwzględnieniem warunków gospodarczych oraz potrzeb ochrony środowiska przyrodniczego. Na polderach charakteryzujących się często dużymi walorami przyrodniczymi zaleca się stosować zasady rozsądnego kompromisu między utrzymaniem odpowiedniego stanu urządzeń melioracyjnych a ochroną środowiska przyrodniczego.
EN
At this work the assessment of state of water drainage conditions and the needs of its maintenance was carried out, as the basis for rational water management in usage of agricultural of Zagorow polder area. Based on field research, it was found that the condition of the 80.8% of the length of canals and ditches, and 40.7% of hydraulic and communication structures is unacceptable and does not meet the accepted criteria. The main reason of such condition of drainage facilities is a long-term exploitation absence or insufficient maintenance work frequency. To restore the proper state of maintenance facilities, in most cases the routine operation is sufficient. Before to the work we should conduct a detailed analysis regarding the necessity of the equipment for the smooth functioning of the drainage system. The analysis should address the current needs of the drainage area taking into account the economic conditions and the needs of environmental protection. On the polders often characterized by large natural values it is recommended to apply the principles of reasonable compromise between maintaining adequate drainage facilities and state of conservation of the natural environment.
EN
The paper presents a preliminary study of the surface waters and groundwater levels in the basin of Pakoslaw lateral reservoir. The storage reservoir, built in the year 2007 represents a lateral reservoir placed outside of the water course, but in its direct neighbourhood. The reservoir is filled by the water of Orla river from the water intake localized before the weir, while the water discharge into the river bed takers place through a discharge construction localized below the weir. The results described in this paper contain an excerpt from a long-term study on the depth to a groundwater table in the area adjacent to Pakoslaw reservoir for 2010–2012. A direct influence on the groundwater table in the particular control wells has been exerted by the water levels in the reservoir. Analysis of nearly three years of observationshas indicated that the groundwater table in the zone of potential influence of Pakoslaw reservoir is highly varied. In all control wells, the shallow water table changed in a cyclical way. The observations of the decreasing groundwater tables have shown a direct connection to rainfalls and evapotranspiration. Excessive evapotranspiration during the summer periods with shortages of rainfalls led to soil drying and lowering the groundwater table. Contrary, during the autumn-spring periods, rainfalls exceeded evapotranspiration and resulted in refilling the soil retention storage and rising groundwater levels. The usefulness of the reservoir for anti-flood purposes and its utilization in the periods of water shortage has been confirmed. Water gained during spring thaw replaces water shortage in the spring period. Therefore, the main function of the reservoir and its purpose has fulfilled its expected task. One can state that the table of the groundwater in the zone of Pakoslaw reservoir has been realized in a differentiated way. The average groundwater oscillation amplitude is 1.88 m. The smallest change of groundwater level was observed in the well P-5 and it amounted to 1.70 m, while the highest level was 2.12 m in the P-2 well indicating a high variability of the groundwater level in the particular localities of the reservoir activity. All wells are built on permeable sand layers providing good water filtration conditions. The dynamics of changes in the groundwatrer levels is mainly determined by meteorological conditions and by ait temperature. A higher variability of groundwater has been observed on agriculturally utilized areas, but in the direct neighbourhood of the reservoir.
EN
The article compares the accuracy of two digital elevation models Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model. Models were assessed in the context of possibility of their usage in hydrological modeling in the areas of low drop. The object of analysis is located in the agglomeration of Poznań. Detailed study sites were the catchment area of Junikowski Stream and catchment area of Tributary from Dopiewiec. The study used data from two free DEMs: SRTM, ASTER and as a reference, DEM model generated from the contour lines and elevation points from Vector Map Level 2 (VMAP L2). Analyses were performed using Free Open Source Software, Quantum GIS ver. Wroclaw and GRASS 1.7.4 ver. 6.4.2. Data analysis were also performed in spreadsheets in Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Hydrological analysis were conducted in r.watershed GRASS module. In the second part of the paper, for the comparative analysis, data from Raster Hydrographical Map of Poland was adopted. Research showed that the average difference occurring between the analyzed models are not significant, however, a large number of artifacts in the models can influence on the results of the hydrological analysis. It has been calculated that the SRTM model is more accurate than the ASTER data even though the ASTER model input resolution is higher. The results revealed that the SRTM is closer to the reference model. It should also be noted that used reference DEM, may contain errors. In the small catchments with low drop, catchment boundaries and river networks generated from the DEMs may contain errors affecting the results of the hydrological modeling. Using available and free DEMs (SRTM and ASTER) to generate catchment boundaries and streams networks, the results must be verified basing on field measurements or it has to be made on the basis of greater resolution data, e.g. from Airborne Laser Scanning LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). Due to the errors in the tested models it is not recommended to use data, especially from the ASTER, for large-scale studies in the areas of small drop. SRTM and ASTER DEMs, however are a valuable material for analysis in small and medium scales. Data from the analyzed models is a valuable source of information about the terrain and can be successfully used for the geomorphological and landscape analysis.
EN
The aim of this study was to analyze the dynamics of groundwater level and water reserves changes in the active layer of the soil in the area of compensation activities. The study area covered the range of functioning culverts during the growing season in year of 2012. This paper for the first time presents a real area impact of hydraulic structures which is the surface of the flood footprint that arise as a result of water overflow into the polder from Warta river by culverts. According to the calculation the maximum coverage area of the building is less than 230 ha. It is not so much considering the fact that the whole area of the polder has almost 1200 hectares. Nevertheless, considering the fact of the importance of leading restoration activities in the Central Valley Warta the constant monitoring and verifications of changes are required. At this work relations between underwater level and water supply were presented. For that purpose a statistical relation between above mentioned parameters was determined. Using a simple regression equation the relationship between ground water and water reserves was showed. In addition, the changes of groundwater level and soil moisture of polder Zagorow were assessed against the monthly precipitation and average air temperatures by their own weather station. The results were compared with data from multiple years of 1981–2011 with a weather station in Slupca. On the basis of measurement average daily values of meteorological elements indicate reference evapotranspiration by using method of Penman-Monteith. Climatic water balance was calculated as the difference between the percentage of monthly precipitation P and the sum of the monthly reference evapotranspiration ETo. In addition, the study also monitored the level of water changes on the Warta river. Modeling studies conducted, in most cases gave satisfactory results. In most of the analyzed cases, the coefficient of determination was very high which means that the resulting regression equation significantly explains how the water reserves to groundwater level dependent. Best results are obtained at positions 1, 2 and 9, where more than 90% variation in the regression equation Y explained. Only in sections 4 and 5 shows the model inadequately describes the relationship test. In case of further analysis it is necessary to extend the model to a further independent variables. In this work, we can see that for some positions a major impact on the level of water reserves are influenced by the meteorological and hydrological conditions.
PL
Polska, a zwłaszcza jej środkowa część, w tym Wielkopolska należą w skali kontynentu europejskiego do ubogich w zasoby wodne regionów. Jednym ze sposobów poprawy tego stanu jest realizacja małych zbiorników wodnych, które znacząco zmieniają stosunki wodne w danej zlewni. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań głębokości zalegania zwierciadła wód gruntowych prowadzonych w latach 2002–2008 na obszarze przyległym do zbiornika Jeżewo. Analiza opierała się na pomiarach prowadzonych na 11 piezometrach położonych w bezpośredniej zlewni zbiornika. Pomiary wykonywano początkowo raz w miesiącu, a od 2008 r. – co tydzień. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań można stwierdzić, że zwierciadło wód gruntowych w strefie potencjalnego wpływu zbiornika Jeżewo układało się w sposób bardzo zróżnicowany. Średnia amplituda stanów wód gruntowych w badanym okresie wyniosła 2,07 m, najmniejsze zmiany stanów wód gruntowych zanotowano w studzience P10 – 0,90 m, największe zaś w P9 – 3,32 m. Największy wpływ piętrzenia wody w zbiorniku na zwierciadło wód podziemnych obserwowano w studzienkach głębokich: nr 2, 3 i 4, które są zlokalizowane na terenach zbudowanych z dobrze przepuszczalnych warstw piaszczystych, tworzących dobre warunki filtracji wód ze zbiornika, i oddalone od linii brzegowej zbiornika o 150 m. Wpływu tego nie wykazały studzienki płytkie: nr 7, 8 i 9, zlokalizowane na terenach zbudowanych głównie z glin piaszczystych i piasków gliniastych, oddalone o – odpowiednio – 150, 400 i 600 m od linii brzegowej zbiornika. Bezpośredni wpływ na poziom zwierciadła wody gruntowej w poszczególnych studzienkach kontrolnych miał poziom zwierciadła wody w zbiorniku. Na podstawie badań stwierdzono, że zwierciadło wód gruntowych w strefie potencjalnego wpływu zbiornika Jeżewo układało się w sposób zróżnicowany. W studzienkach kontrolnych płytkich poziom wód zmieniał się w sposób cykliczny zarówno przed, jak i po napełnieniu zbiornika. Obserwowane obniżenie poziomu wód gruntowych było związane z okresem wegetacyjnym, w którym pobór wody przez rośliny znacznie wzrasta. Cykliczność była związana głównie z relacją pomiędzy opadem a ewapotranspiracją, która w okresie letnim przy niedoborze opadów w stosunku do parowania terenowego prowadzi do przesychania gleb i obniżenia zwierciadła wód gruntowych, natomiast w okresie jesienno-wiosennym, kiedy opady przewyższają ewapotranspirację, obserwowano odbudowę retencji glebowej oraz podnoszenie się zwierciadła wód gruntowych.
EN
The objective of the presented paper was the analysis of the effect of embankment culverts P7 and P8, built within the compensation work, on the water management of the Zagorow Polder. Before the year 2009, the polder formed the closed part of Kaminsko-Pyzderska Valley, completely cut off them by the river embankment from the periodically rising of Warta river. For the necessary calculation purposes, a mahematical model has been applied which permits to calculate the transformation of the flood waves. Additionally, the model has been enriched, among others, by a module permitting to calculate the water flow through the water installations like culverts, overflows, pumping stations, or reservoirs. This model has been constructed on the basis of digitalized points of river network and the added to it (through milage expressed in kilometgres) river cross-sections. The points of river network were introduced directly to a digitalized screen of topogtraphic maps of the given area and additionally by the utilization of the data base of XY points from digital vecor layers. All calculations were carried out on a one-dimensional model Mike 11 of a Danish Institute of Hydrology which includes the Saint Venant system of equation continuity and momentum conservation. The performed analyses have shown, that during freshet occurrence in the Warta river bed, it is necessary to open the P7 and P8 culverts in 50%. Then, there will follow a water supply to the Zagorow Polder by the Warta river until the level in the embankment culvert and in the polder will equalize. The emptying of the polder should be supported by the work of the pumping station. A gravitational outflow, after the opening of culverts PW1, PW2, P7 and P8 is not possible before the water level in WArta river descends. The time of polder emptying from the excess of water, according to to the experiments on the model, can be shdortened to about 11 days. In order to fulfill this condition, it is necessary to limit the overfilling of the Zagorow polder by the culverts P7 and P8 5 to the level of 76.2 m a.s.l (above sea level). This limitation results from the actual operating conditions of Zagorow intermediate pumping station. According to the valid operation instruction, the intermediate pumping station works within the following switch on levels of the pumping units: 76.90 m a.s.l. and the level of the switching off of the pumping aggregates: 75.50 m a.s.l.
PL
Celem pracy była analiza ekonomicznych aspektów budowy i eksploatacji suszarni słonecznej osadów uzyskiwanych podczas procesu oczyszczania scieków w gminnej oczyszczalni na przykładzie trzech wariantów inwestyczyjnych, zróżnicowanych pod względem stosowanych urządzeń: wariant 1 (podstawowy) – suszarnia o wymiarach 33,6 x 32 x 5,96 m i wydajności 400 Mg/rok. Obiekt istniejący, powstały w 2007 roku w ramach modernizacji oczyszczalni ścieków w Bytkowie, był pierwszym tego typu obiektem w Polsce, w którym zastosowano promieniowanie słoneczne (źródło energii odnawialnej) do procesu osuszania osadów, wariant 2 – suszarnia o wymiarach 33,6 x 32 x 5,96 m i założonej wydajności 800 Mg/rok. W stosunku do rozwiązań wariantu 1 suszarnię planuje się wyposażyć dodatkowo w urządzenia do mechanicznego przewracania osadów (przewracarka), wariant 3 – suszarnia słoneczna o wymiarach 120 x 12 x 5,96 m i założonej wydajności 1200 Mg/rok. W stosunku do rozwiązań wariantu 1 suszarnię planuje się wyposażyć w urządzenia do mechanicznego przewracania osadów (przewracarka) oraz do wentylacji.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of economic aspects of the construction and operation of a solar drying plant of sludge accumulating during the process of sludge removal in a communal sewage treatment plant, on the basis of three investment variants differentiated regarding the applied installations: Variant 1 (the basic one) of the drying plant represents a building covering an area of 33.6 x 32 m x 5.96 m and an expected output of 400 Mg per year. The existing object was developed in the year 2007 within the modernization of the sewage treatment plant in Bytkow. It was the first object of this type in Poland, where solar radiation (the source of renewable energy) was applied to the drying process of sludge. Variant 2 a drying plant with an area of 33.6 x 32 x 5.96 m and an assumed output of 800 Mg per year.. In comparison with Variant 1, the drying plant should have an additional installation for mechanical turning-over of the sludge (a turning-over device). Variant 3 a solar drying plant measuring 120 x 12 x 5.96 m and with an assumed output of 1200 Mg per year. In relation to variant 1, it is planned to equip the drying plant with an installation for mechanical turning-over of the sludge (a turning-over device) and an installation for ventilation. The calculation of the construction and operation, as well as the expected effects was carried out on the basis of financial data (balance-sheet) obtained from the plant operation in an Enterprise of Communal Services in Rokietnica, from our own calculations and from data referring to the rates and unit prices in the year 2011 without the VAT tax. For the estimation of the technical and economic effectiveness of the absorptive power of the analysed investment, the following indices of capital consumption have been applied: capital absorptive power of the unit cost of plant operation, the mean annual unit cost of the actualized net value and the discounted return period. The total costs of the object construction can be essentially differentiated and they can amount from 0.623 mln PLN, in case of the basic variant, to 1.585 mm. PLN for the most technologically advanced variant equipped with installations for mechanical turning-over of sludge (a turning-over device) and for ventilation. Taking into consideration the surface area of the analysed drying plant, the unit cost has been estimated for 580.944 PLN and 1101 PLN, respectively, for 1 2. The running operation costs of the particular solar drying plant variants, the pay costs, insurance costs and other services for the workers have been added. In case of variants 2 and 3 of the sewage treatment plant, also the costs of material consumption, energy and foreign services needed for the proper functioning of the additionally in-stalled technical installations have been added. The annual operation costs of variants 1, 2 and 3 have been estimated for 11, 32 and 135 PLN per one square meter of the drying plant area, respectively. In conditions of the accepted assumptions referring to the efficiency of the installations, the annual revenue for the basic variant of the drying plant can amount to 80 thous. PLN, while for the variant euipped with the turning-over device to 364 thous. PLN, while for the variant equipped with a turning-over device and the ventilation installation, the costs can reach 546 thous. PLN. The introduction of additional installations would potentially increase the economic productivity of variant 2 by about 4.5-times, and the variant 3 - by 6.8 times, in relation to the basic variant 1. Taking into consideration the assumed parameters of the calculation, all three analysed variants of sludge drying plant can be regarded as profitable ones. From the economic point of view, the most justified is the realization of the object equiped with a device for the turning-over of the sludge. The return of the investment outlays, in case of the last variant may be expected after 3 years and 9 months from the date of the started plant operation, while the total value with a net profit value (NPV) can be expected after 18 years of the object operation and it can amount to about 2 millions PLN.
EN
The objective of the presented work was the analysis of the effectiveness of conservation works in water courses and in basic melioration canals, in the years 2006-2010 within the "Rowy" (ditches) program realized on the example of the Leszno district. Subject of analyses were: the size of the material and financial outlauys, the range of the performed works and also the social aspects resulting from the realization of the program. The main objective of the program was the professional activation of unemployed persons from rural areas with a high danger of unemployment in a situation of an increased range of the necessary conservation works. The amount of financial means designed for the maintenance of water courses and melioration canals in the realization period did not ensure an adequate material range and the required frequency of conservation work performance, according to the technical requirements referring to the maintenance of water courses and canals. In the years 2006-2010, on the area of Leszno district, every year, the annual conservation covered from 59,8 to 107,1 km of water courses and canals making from 32 to 57% of the total evidenced length. Statistically, in the studied period, the conservation works were performed on the average, on less than one half of the length requiring such repair (41,4%) of the used water courses and melioration canals. The average real costs of the works amounted for the "Rowy" program 198 thous. PLN, and in the tender mode - 157 thous. PLN making 88% and 71% of the mean cost calculation value, respectively. The conservation works carried out in the tender mode were, from the economic point of view, more effective than in the "Rowy" program, and the mean unitary cost of the conservation of one kilometer of water course, or canal was 4115 PLN and 5030 PLN, respectively, to the advantage of the tender procedure.. The highest share in the cost, on the intermediate level of 77%, was covered by the Provincial Labour Office which financed the costs of the basic renumeration and the premium for social insurance, as well as the travel costs of the workers to the working place. The Regional Division of the Great Poland Management of Melioration and Water Installations in Leszno covered the cost of the purchase of protection clothes for workers and the necessary equipment, as well as the technical supervision of the works. So, the share in the costs amounted on the average to 9% of the total costs, The offices of towns and communes which co-financed the program on the average level of 14%, they paid the costs of the work fund the costs of medical examinations and the social expenses (for industrial safety purposes). The number of employed persons within the program agreed with the selfgovernments included in the particular years from 26 to 37 persons (on the average 31 physical workers) and the realization time was from 3 to 6 months in the year (on the average 4,8 month). In the "Rowy" program, in the years 2006-2010, persons from the group of professional risk (those who were without any job for more than 12 months and in the majority, they originated from the rural areas). Taking into consideration the range of the performed conservation works, it must be stated that the works which were planned for 5 years, have been carried out in 4 years, but not in 100%. The reasons for this result included among others, the absence of the workers because of sick leave, which made from 11 to 17% of the nominal time of work. The calculated cost of the employment of one worker in the "Rowy" program amounted in the analysed period from 1170 PLN to 1481 PLN per month and the mean value was 1324 PLN. The mean annual employment of 31 unemployed workers exerted a positive effect on their socio-economical situation by giving them a source of support and contributed to the counter-action against social exclusion by shortening the period of unemployment.
PL
Celem pracy była analiza aktualnych problemów związanych z gospodarowaniem wodą na terenach polderowych, na przykładzie polderu Zagórów, w tym przede wszystkim jego wpływu na ochronę przeciwpowodziową terenów niżej położonych. Praca została wykonana na podstawie materiałów archiwalnych oraz wstępnych badań i obserwacji prowadzonych w ramach realizacji projektu badawczego dotyczącego możliwości renaturyzacji tego obszaru.
EN
The aim of this work was to present a detailed characterization of Zagorow polder and its possible functions in flood protection. So far the polder composed the closed part of the valley Konin-Pyzdry entirely cut away from periodic of swelling of the River Warta by flood bank. The lack of the possibility of cyclical flooding on this area at a fast pace contributed to their drying. Consequently, it led to changes of water ratios as well as habitat conditions occurring in polder. In 2009, within the framework "Restoration of the river water circulation in the middle of the Warta river valley between Zagorow and Lad" made a possibility of the natural compensation for this area and controlled deluge of the polder in the case of the flood hazard in lower areas of the valley. Analyses showed, that at the moment Zagorow polder cannot be the alternative for standard flood reservoirs. However it is affecting for slowing the outflow down, improving distorted circulation of water in centre course of the River Warta caused by anthropogenic activity. Great natural values of the Konin-Pyzdry valley resulting from the fact of living on the Zagorow polder numerous kinds of the fauna, require the particular flood protection. The priority usually granted highly prized natural values often led to lack of comprehensive action allowing for the rational management of water in the valley. In this case an applying to the sensible compromise between the flood and natural environment protection is recommended. Zagorow polder as the only facility in the whole valley has his own drainage infrastructure. This area largely used by agriculture and a little populated in some proper legal acts and investment could constitute the additional component of the flood control. However, costs of the flood protection (repurchase of the earth and the structure of additional devices) should not exceed values of this facilities.
PL
Celem pracy jest sprawdzenie, czy w rzeczywistych warunkach klimatycznych Wielkopolski odwodnione wstępnie na prasie taśmowej osady ściekowe umieszczone w bloku foliowym poprzez solarne osusza-nie osadów ściekowych będą w okresie wegetacyjnym ulegały zmianie uwilgotnienia od początkowej wartości 86,4% do 35÷50%, co pozwoli na ich rolnicze wykorzystanie lub w procesie spalania bądź współspalania. Badania osadów ściekowych przeprowadzono w bloku foliowym na oczyszczalni ścieków w Bytkowie, w gminie Rokietnica, w powiecie poznańskim jako jednostce reprezentatywnej dla oczyszczalni działających na obszarach wiejskich Wielkopolski. Osady ściekowe po odwod-nieniu na prasie taśmowej zostały zmagazynowane w bloku foliowym na przygotowanych 3 poletkach o wymiarach 2x2 m i miąższości 0,3 m, 0,4 m i 0,5 m oraz w 9 skrzyniach o miąższości 0,2 m, 0,25 m i 0,3 m.
EN
Studies were carried out in summer (28.07÷28.09.2009) on sewage sludge primarily dewatered on a belt press and subsequently dried by solar energy on a ferroconcrete plate covered with foil in a solar dryer ventilated gravitationally. No raking of the sludge was applied during the process. Experiments were carried out on plots of 2 x 2 m area and sludge layer depths of 30, 40 and 50 cm, and in plastic boxes. The purpose of the study was to determine the content of sludge dry matter after the solar drying. The dry matter amount changed from the original 14.6% to 55÷65% after drying, but only in the top part of the layer reaching about 10 cm, independent of the layer depth. Below the 10 cm layer, the drying effect occurred in a minimal degree. From the energetic point of view, the studied sewage sludge after dehydration on the belt press contained 10.13 MJ/kg of dry matter and after the experiment termination, it reached the value of 18.03 MJ/k d. m. The required demand for heat energy was fully satisfied by the solar energy.
PL
Celem pracy była analiza stanu infrastruktury wodno-melioracyjnej w aspekcie intensywnej realizacji zabudowy mieszkaniowej na terenach uprzednio użytkowanych rolniczo. Jako obszar badań wybrano obręb geodezyjny Skórzewo w gminie Dopiewo, położony na terenie zlewni cieku Skórzynka. Wyniki analiz materiałów archiwalnych i kartograficznych zweryfikowano wizją terenową przeprowadzoną w dniach 1÷8.09.2010 roku, podczas której wykonano szczegółową dokumentację fotograficzną, zweryfikowano parametry techniczne budowli oraz oceniono ich stan techniczny (drożność, stopień zamulenia).
EN
Encroachment of housing and service and industrial building development on previously used agricultural areas is conducting changes in the aquatic environment among others changes of the hydrographical network and water relationships in the soil. In the paper changes of the land management and their influence on the state of the waterdrainage infrastructure were analysed. The research was carried out on the example of the geodetic range Skórzewo within the limits of Skórzynka catchment area being liable to an intensive process of suburbanization associated with the development of Poznan agglomeration. In analysed area an increase of the population number was documented. Besides rise of the share in builtup areas which were driving simultaneously to disappearance of farmlands and natural water relation was included. Also further planned directions of changes in the population number and spatial planning were indicated. Against this background an evaluation of the state of the existing water-drainage infrastructure was carried out, its patency among others. Special attention was drown attention to the fact that the process of converting previously used agriculturally areas into builtup areas must be preceded by a detailed analysis of possibilities of the effective functioning of the existing water-drainage infrastructure in changed conditions. First of all parameters of devices must be adapted for fast draining rain waters. Investment projects every time should include a detailed analysis of the layout of the existing drainage network. Those should be joined in the new agreement during the earth work and strictly documented.
PL
Po przystąpieniu do Unii Europejskiej Polska zobowiązana jest do wdrożenia Ramowej Dyrektywy Wodnej (2000/60/WE), której głównym celem jest osiągnięcie do roku 2015 dobrego stanu ekologicznego i chemicznego wód powierzchniowych. Niestety, jak wykazują wyniki monitoringu podstawowego i regionalnego wykonanego w latach 1999-2006 przez WIOŚ w Poznaniu spośród zbadanych 84 jezior (o powierzchni powyżej 100 ha lub mniejszych, ważnych dla regionu ze względu na walory gospodarcze, przyrodnicze i rekreacyjne), jedynie trzy charakteryzowały się bardzo dobrym stanem wód zaliczanym do I klasy czystości. Wody klasy II oznaczono w 28 jeziorach o łącznej powierzchni 4783,5 ha, tj. 27,7% powierzchni przebadanej w okresie ośmiu lat, natomiast wody III klasy czystości wyznaczono dla 55 zbiorników o łącznej powierzchni 7216,4 ha, tj. 41,9% powierzchni zbadanych jezior. W 38 zbadanych jeziorach jakość wód nie odpowiadała żadnej z klas czystości, dlatego zostały one uznane za pozaklasowe, silnie zanieczyszczone (Stan środowiska w Wielkopolsce, WIOŚ 2007). Większość zbiorników w tym okresie w ramach monitoringu badana była tylko raz, dlatego badania te nie są wystarczające do analizowania zmian jakości wody w ujęciu średniookresowym. Wymaga to bardziej szczegółowych obserwacji. Celem badań przedstawionych w niniejszej pracy była ocena zmian jakości wody w wybranych jeziorach Pojezierza Poznańskiego w latach 2004-2009.
EN
The results described in this paper contain a fragment of longterm studies on water quality changes conducted since 1999 in selected lakes on the area of Poznań Lakeland. The research realized in 2004÷2009 covered three lakes: Niepruszewskie Lake, Pamiątkowskie Lake and Strykowskie Lake. These lakes are exposed to significant pollution because of agricultural character of the catchment areas and large number of residential and recreational buildings which are not connected to the sewage system. Water quality assessment was performed on the basis of the Decree of the Minister of Environment in 2004 (Journal of Laws No. 32, item. 284), which had been in force in water monitoring until 2008. Average annual values of the studied physical and chemical parameters of water quality were found among the "very good" and "good" classes in most cases. Poor and bad water quality in lakes was mainly determined by the adverse oxygen conditions and high values of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). It indicated a strong eutrophication level. The study showed a decrease in phosphates, nitrates and ammonia concentrations in the waters, however an increased trend was found in reference to the concentrations of sulphates and calcium. Other components showed an irregular variation in the individual years.
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