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New Material Nanocomposite Thermoplastic Elastomer with Low Cost Hybrid Filler Oil Palm Boiler Ash/Carbon Black

Frida Erna, Bukit Nurdin, Sinuhaji Perdinan, Bukit Ferry Rahmat Astianta, Bukit Bunga Fisikanta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

302--308

EN

This study aimed to prepare thermoplastic elastomeric nanocomposites with Low-Cost Hybrid Filler Oil Palm Boiler Ash/Carbon Black as New Material. Hybrid filler composites promise to overcome the limitations of composites. The effects offered by the matrix and filler are responsible for improving the properties of the composite. The preparation of thermoplastic elastomer was carried out in two stages. The first stage involves mixing a rubber compound with filler. The second stage is blending the compound, HDPE, and PE-g-MA using an Internal Mixer. The results show that the peak intensity increased along with the amount of OPBA in TPE. The increase in peak intensity was caused by the rise in the number of crystalline phases in the nanocomposite. In general, the absorption bands are almost the same. The samples analyzed showed absorption band vibrations (Si-O-Si), in-plane strain vibrations (Si-OH), and symmetric strain vibrations (Si-O-Si), C―H deformation, –CH symmetrical stretching of the CH2 group appeared on each sample that FTIR has analyzed. Thermoplastics show good interaction between filler and matrix, so it can be assumed that these interactions can improve the mechanical properties of TPE. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) shows an increase in the number of peaks in the sample with 60/40 phr filler.

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Mechanical and Thermal Properties of HDPE Thermoplastic with Oil Palm Boiler Ash Nano Filler

Bukit Nurdin, Sinulingga Karya, Abd Hakim S., Sirait Makmur, Bukit Bunga Fisikanta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

355--363

EN

This study aims to determine the mechanical and thermal properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) thermoplastic nanocomposite with oil palm boiler ash (OPBA) filler made by coprecipitation method and synthesized with PEG 6000 surfactant with OPBA-PEG 6000 filler variations. The filler composition used was HDPE/OPBA (100/0, 98/2, 96/4, 94/6, 92/8, 90/10) wt%. Nanocomposites were prepared using a Rheomixer HAAKE Polylab OS System at 150°C and 60 rpm for 10 minutes. Mechanical properties of HDPE with increased OPBA filler content is beyond a certain threshold, the tensile strength of the HDPE composite may start to decrease. This decrease can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, as the filler content increases, the HDPE matrix may become less effective in transferring stress, resulting in reduced load-bearing capacity. This is confirmed from the SEM results that the filler agglomerates and cracks occur in the composite. The composite material may exhibit a lower Young’s modulus compared to pure HDPE with low Young’s modulus tend to have high elongation at break which indicatie a flexible and ductile composite. The melting point of peaks 1 and 2 on 0% filler and other fillers did not change significantly even at certain compositions the melting point decreased after adding filler.

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Utilization of Eco-Friendly Rice Husk Ash Waste as Reinforcement in LDPE Thermoplastics

Ginting Eva Marlina, Motlan, Sani Ridwan Abdulah, Bukit Nurdin, Bukit Bunga Fisikanta

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 8

240--246

EN

The topic of environmental contamination is currently regarded as one of the most urgent and significant challenges in contemporary society. Several strategies must be implemented to mitigate the environmental impact caused by waste materials, such as to rice husks ash, plastic, and other materials. Low-density polyethylene is widely recognized in academic circles for its distinctive property of having a low melting point and demonstrating inferior thermal stability. However, the utilization of RHA has promise for augmenting the thermal LDPE. The inclusion of silica inside rice husk ash functions as a flame retardant, hence augmenting the material’s capacity to resist combustion and thermal degradation. The objective of this study is to utilization of eco-friendly RHA waste as reinforcement in LDPE thermoplastics. RHA is produced by the coprecipitation process. Rheomixer is used to make thermoplastic composites by incorporate RHA into LDPE 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt.%. The micrograph of the failure surface of the composite material consisting of LDPE filled with reactive hot-melt adhesive RHA particles reveals significant variations in particle sizes. In adittion XRD graph showed a decrease in intensity when 6% wt and 8% wt RHA were added. The results of thermal analysis with DSC showed an increase in the melting point of the sample with RHA reinforcement from 108.96–109.21°C and 482.47–500.09°C. The incorporation of RHA as a reinforcement in LDPE holds promise for its utilization as a material possessing favorable thermal characteristics suitable for industrial applications such as pipes and protective coatings, which required enhanced thermal resistance. The utilization of rice husk ash (RHA) waste imposes both environmental and economic impacts. RHA has the potential to reduce environmental pollution caused by waste and decrease the costs involved in material production.

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Effect of Hybrid Filler Oil Palm Boiler Ash – Bentonite on Thermal Characteristics of Natural Rubber Compounds

Frida Erna, Bukit Nurdin, Bukit Ferry Rahmat Astianta, Bukit Bunga Fisikanta

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

205--213

EN

The concept of hybrid fillers by combining several types of fillers, especially with the inclusion of nanoscale filler particles, has attracted the attention of many researchers. The addition of filler to the rubber compound can improve the thermal properties. This study aims to analyze the effect of filler hybrid oil palm boiler ash (OPBA) –bentonite on thermal characteristics natural rubber compounds. The coprecipitation method was used in preparing OPBA, and CTAB surfactant was added in bentonite preparation. Meanwhile, compound preparation was carried out by inserting SIR 20 into an open mill machine. Characterization was done by XRD, FTIR, SEM, mechanical and thermal properties. In general, the compounds did not show a change in peak position. Peaks of 2Ө = 44° and 64°. Bonds at 2849–2917 cm-1 were associated with asymmetric methyl stretching vibrations. The peaks of 1000–650 cm-1 showed C = C-H bending. The compound morphology shows torn lines with branching. Furthermore, in general, the mechanical properties of the compound increased with the addition of OPBA/bentonite filler. Differential Scanning Calorimetry compound data showed an increase in the number of peaks in the sample with 10 wt% filler.

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Preparation of Environmentally Friendly Adsorbent Using Oil Palm Boiler Ash, Bentonite and Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposite Materials

Bukit Nurdin, Ginting Eva Marlina, Frida Erna, Bukit Bunga Fisikanta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 12

75--82

EN

Using the products derived from agricultural wastes as low-cost adsorbent materials to remove organic or inorganic contaminants would be ideal, as these materials are readily available in many countries. This study aimed to prepare environmentally friendly adsorbents made from nanocomposite OPBA / Bentonite / TiO2. The coprecipitation method was used in preparing OPBA, and CTAB surfactant was added in bentonite preparation. Meanwhile, the manufacture of TiO2 was carried out using the sol-gel method. Characterization was done by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET. The adsorbent spectra did not show a significant shift in absorption where the O-H bonds were becoming weaker due to the presence of TiO2 in the interlayer of bentonite. Another possibility is due to the influence of calcination and heating. The O-H groups of H2O are hydroxylated and dehydrated from within between layers. The formation of the composite OPBA/TiO2/Bentonite does not change the crystallinity of TiO2 significantly. This proves that there is no decrease in photocatalyst activity after the addition of OPBA and bentonite. The morphology of the whole sample has a flake-like structure that has pores. The addition of OPBA into Bentonite/TiO2 causes a decrease in the specific surface area of the sample.

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Optimization of Palm Oil Boiler Ash Biomass Waste as a Source of Silica with Various Preparation Methods

Bukit Bunga Fisikanta, Frida Erna, Humaidi Syahrul, Sinuhaji Perdinan, Bukit Nurdin

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 8

193--199

EN

Several studies have synthesized silica from waste. The silica synthesis method from agricultural waste aims to produce high purity silica with low contaminants at an affordable cost. This study synthesized silica from oil palm boiler ash (OPBA) by means of various methods, such as ball milling, coprecipitation, and modification with methyl trichlorosilane (MTCS). XRD characterization results showed that the OPBA synthesized with ballmill and coprecipitation method has the smallest particle size of 14.90 nm. Morphology showed the OPBA obtained by using the ballmill method, the OPBA synthesized with ballmill and coprecipitation method, as well as the OPBA synthesized with ballmill, coprecipitation, and modified with methyl trichlorosilane as spherical particles. At the same time, the FTIR results show an absorption peak which is a characteristic of silica confirmed by the XRF results, where silica content is dominant.