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Brown Bear Winter Feeding Ecology in the Area with Supplementary Feeding — Eastern Carpathians (Slovakia)

Štofík J., Merganič J., Merganičová K., Bučko J., Saniga M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

2016

Vol. 64, nr 2

277--288

We performed snow tracking of brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the area of the Eastern Carpathians affected by supplementary feeding during the winter periods from 2007 to 2013. On each snow track we recorded all food habits and collected all scats. From these data we calculated occurrence frequency of food habits on snow tracks, occurrence frequency, volumetric proportion and energy values of food items in scats. We revealed that: i) the most frequent food source on snow tracks was corn from supplementary feeding places for ungulates (FOST = 64%); ii) crops for ungulates was the most important food group found in scat samples of bears (EDEC = 61%, EDECST = 53%); iii) the analysis of the inter-seasonal (late autumn, winter and early spring) changes in winter bear diet based on scat analyses revealed decreasing importance of hard mast and fruit, and increasing importance of invertebrates, herbs and wood biomass and crops for ungulates from autumn to spring; iv) bears searched for food at lower elevations in comparison to the location of their beds which are situated at higher elevations. Winter bear activity and bear diet was affected by supplementary feeding for ungulates.

Cyclic changes in tree species composition of mixed-species forest in Western Carpathians : role of disturbance and tree regeneration

Saniga M., Balanda M., Kucbel S., Jaloviar P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

2011

Vol. 59, nr 4

699-708

The paper presents results acquired by an analysis of stand structure, regeneration processes and disturbance regime of a mixed natural forest located in the Carpathians (Central Slovakia). The data were collected on two permanent research plots located on different geological bedrocks (andesite and migmatites). Significant differences in the composition of the upper tree layer were observed among two types of geological bedrock. On the plot I (andesite), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) occurred as a dominant component. An opposite situation was observed on the plot II (migmatites). The coexistence of beech (Fagus sylvatica L., spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and ash was recorded in the upper layer. The middle and lower layers were almost identical on both types of bedrock. The dominance of beech with the admixture of other tree species was observed. Regarding the structure of the present forest stand in relation to the structure of the gapmakers and natural regeneration, we observed a partial cyclical alternation of the tree species composition of this natural forest within the time span of several developmental cycles. The analysis of natural regeneration implied a crucial role of ungulates for the growth enforcement of ash individuals in the next generation of natural forest. Under the current condition, a negative trend in tree species diversity of the future generation of natural forest towards the dominance of beech was found.