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1

The quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis Andrusov, 1897) – another Ponto-Caspian dreissenid bivalve in the southern Baltic catchment: the first record from the Szczecin Lagoon

Woźniczka A., Wawrzyniak-Wydrowska B., Radziejewska T., Skrzypacz A.

Oceanologia

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2016

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No. 58 (2)

154--159

EN

In 2014, a non-indigenous dreissenid bivalve, the quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis Andrusov, 1897) was for the first time recorded in the Szczecin Lagoon. This was also the first record of the species in the Baltic Sea catchment. The quagga mussel was found to accompany the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), a non-indigenous bivalve already firmly established in the Lagoon. As indicated by the new immigrant's estimated abundance (4000.0 ± 355.44 ind. M-2) and the zebra mussel to quagga mussel abundance ratio (about 60:40), the immigration of D. rostriformis bugensis to the Lagoon can be regarded as successful. The quagga mussel has already formed a strong and reproducing population which co-occurs with that of the zebra mussel in the area.

2

Unintended “biological cargo” of ships entering the River Odra estuary: assemblages of organisms in ballast tanks

Gruszka P., Rokicka-Praxmajer J., Cupak J., Radziejewska T., Wolska M.

Zeszyty Naukowe / Akademia Morska w Szczecinie

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2013

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nr 33 (105)

22--29

EN

Water and sediment in ships’ ballast tanks provide habitats for various organisms, and thus facilitate alien species introductions. Ballast tank water and sediment of 19 ships docked in the GRYFIA Szczecin Ship Repair Yard (Szczecin, Poland) located in an area connected with the River Odra estuary (Southern Baltic), were sampled in 2009–2011 to find out if the ships could be vectors of species introductions to the estuary, already known for the presence of non-indigenous taxa. This study showed the ballast water of the ships examined to house rotifers, copepods, cladocerans, and bivalve and cirriped larvae – common constituents of zooplankton assemblages in coastal waters. The ballast tank sediment supported meiobenthic foraminiferans, nematodes, harpacticoid copepods, turbellarians, bivalves, polychaetes, and chironomid and cirriped larvae. It is not possible at this stage to judge what meiofaunal taxa constitute an alien component in the estuary biota. Macrobenthos in the ships’ ballast tank sediment examined was represented mainly by nereid polychaetes. Although the unintended “biological cargo” examined proved quite diverse and abundant, it contained few identified alien taxa. It does not seem likely than any of them could pose a threat of a biological invasion in the River Odra estuary. However, numerous species remained unidentified, and therefore assessment of the risk of alien species introduction and invasion contains a large measure of uncertainty. On the other hand, the risk as such remains, since the density of ballast water-borne organisms in all ships exceeded the allowed limits.

3

Stan, zagrożenia i ochrona ekosystemu Morza Bałtyckiego

Radziejewska T., Staniszewski R.

Ekologia i Technika

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2012

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R. 20, nr 3

135-142

PL

Morze Bałtyckie, z uwagi na swe naturalne warunki hydrologiczne i morfologiczne oraz silną presję ze strony zlewni, jest bardzo podatne na degradację. Jego połączenie z Atlantykiem jest złożone, w związku z czym oddziaływania oceaniczne - przejawiające się w postaci dopływu wód o wysokim zasoleniu i natlenieniu - nie są na ogół intensywne. Jednym z szeregu zagrożeń dla Bałtyku jest podwyższony poziom stężenia substancji biogenicznych, prowadzący do eutrofizacji. Zjawisko to przejawia się między innymi się w postaci zakwitów fitoplanktonu. Szczególnie groźne są letnie zakwity sinic z uwagi na niebezpieczeństwo skażenia wybrzeży ważnych dla turystyki i rekreacji oraz pogłębianie deficytu tlenowego wód przydennych w głębszych rejonach akwenu. Przejawem oddziaływań degradujących ekosystem Bałtyku jest dopływ do tego zbiornika, i utrzymywanie się w nim, substancji zanieczyszczających, wśród których największe znaczenie mają związki chloroorganiczne, ropopochodne i metale ciężkie. Potencjalnym zagrożeniem jest także pojawianie się gatunków nieznanych wcześniej w Morzu Bałtyckim. Lista gatunków obcych w Bałtyku wydłuża się prawie co roku. W pierwszej dekadzie XXI w. odnotowano (począwszy od najstarszych znanych źródeł, czyli od XII w.) łącznie 98 gatunków obcych. Obecność niektórych z nich, np. babki byczej (Neogobius melanostomus) czy planktonowej wioślarki Cercopages pengoi może stanowić problem natury ekologicznej i ekonomicznej. Na rzecz poprawy stanu środowiska ekosystemu Morza Bałtyckiego i zmniejszenia istniejących zagrożeń podejmuje się, na poziomie między- i pozarządowym - szereg inicjatyw, których pozytywne wyniki, aczkolwiek spodziewane w dłuższym horyzoncie czasowym, obserwowane są już i dziś.

EN

Owing to its hydrography and bottom topography as well as strong anthropogenic pressure, the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea is extremely susceptible to degradation. The Baltic's connection with the Atlantic is complex, therefore oceanic effects, evident as inflows of saline and well-oxygenated water, are usually weak. The suite of environmental threats to the Baltic includes increased concentrations of nutrients leading to eutrophication. This phenomenon is manifested by phytoplankton blooms. Particularly noteworthy are the summer cyanobacterial blooms as they affect the shores important for tourism and recreation, arid enhance oxygen deficiency in the near-bottom water of the Baltic deeps. Degradation effects include also inputs, and maintenance, of pollutants. The most important of those include chloroorganics (DDT, PCBs), aromatic hydrocarbons, and heavy (trace) metals. A potential threat is posed also by the appearance of non-indigenous species. The list of alien species in the Baltic Sea becomes extended almost every year, a total of 98 non-indigenous species being recorded in the Baltic in the first decade of the 21st century (beginning from the earliest records dating back to the 12th century). The presence of some alien species, e.g., the round goby (Neogobius melanost.om.us) or the predatory waterflea (Cercopages pengoi) may be both an ecological and economic issue. Improvement of the environmental status of the Baltic Sea and reduction of the present threats is in the focus of attention of a number of inter- arid non-governmental initiatives and actions. Their success, although expected to be achieved in the future, are beginning to be perceived already today.

4

What we know about the Baltic Sea: a summary of BSSC 2005

Piechura J., Pempkowiak J., Radziejewska T., Uścinowicz S.

Oceanologia

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2006

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No. 48 (S)

3-19

5

Basis for a valuation of the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea: Rationale and quest for tools

Węsławski J.M., Andrulewicz E., Kotwicki L., Kuzebski E., Lewandowski A., Linkowski T., Massel S.R., Musielak S., Olańczuk-Neyman A., Pempkowiak J., Piekarek-Jankowska H., Radziejewska T., Różyński G., Sagan I., Skóra K. E., Szefler K., Urbański J., Witek Z., Wołowicz M., Zachowicz J., Zarzycki T.

Oceanologia

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2006

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No. 48 (1)

145-167

EN

This paper summarises current knowledge of goods and services in the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea ecosystem. It reviews specific properties of the Baltic that could be used for economic valuation. Goods and services range from the familiar resources of fish and minerals, which were valued with the Productivity Method, to less obvious services provided by the ecosystem such as biofiltration in coastal sands, valued with either the Replacement Cost or Damage Cost Avoided methods. Disservices to the marine ecosystem are also considered, e.g. erosion and coastal flooding, including the costs of planned mitigating measures. This paper emphasises the importance of using valuation methods to help make better-educated decisions for the sustainability of the Baltic Sea.

6

A home away from home: a meiobenthic assemblage in a ship's ballast water tank sediment

Radziejewska T., Gruszka P., Rokicka-Praxmajer J.

Oceanologia

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2006

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No. 48 (S)

259-265

EN

The world-wide research on ship-aided dispersal of marine organisms and invasions of non-indigenous species focuses primarily on the plankters, which show the greatest potential for invading new areas and establishing viable populations in them, either in the water column (holoplankton) or on the bottom (meroplanktonic larvae of benthic species settling on the sea floor). As meiobenthic animals usually lack a pelagic larval stage in their life cycle, no biological invasion study has, to our knowledge, ever specifically targeted marine transport as a means of meiofaunal dispersal. Here we present a set of data showing that the sediment deposited in a ship's ballast water tank does support a viable meiobenthic assemblage. We examined 0.015-dm3 aliquots of a 1 dm3 sample from a c. 1.5-cm thick layer of sediment residue in the ballast tank of MS Donnington, brought to the "Gryfia" Repair Shipyard in Szczecin (Poland). The samples were found to contain representatives of calcareous Foraminifera, hydrozoans, nematodes, turbellarians, harpacticoid copepods and their nauplii, and cladocerans, as well as meiobenthic-sized bivalves and gastropods. Nematodes proved to be the most constant and most numerous component of the assemblage. The sediment portions examined revealed the presence of 1-11 individuals representing 11 marine nematode genera. The viability of the meiobenthic assemblage was evidenced by the presence of ovigerous females of both nematodes and harpacticoids. Survival of the meiobenthos in shipborne ballast tank sediment residues may provide at least a partial explanation for the cosmopolitan distribution of meiobenthic taxa and may underlie the successful colonisation of new habitats by invasive meiofaunal species.

7

Morskie Obszary Chronione - droga do zachowania bioróżnorodności mórz

Radziejewska T., Gruszka P.

Problemy Ekologii

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2005

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R. 9, nr 5

243-252

PL

Morskie Obszary Chronione (MOC) są jedną z form ochrony różnorodności ekosystemów morskich. Ich zadaniem jest zapewnienie ochrony gatunków rzadkich lub zagrożonych, ochrona całych szczególnie cennych zespołów organizmów i ich siedlisk, tworzenie obszarów kontrolnych dla badań nad zmianami środowiska morskiego oraz zapewnienie potencjalnych korzyści dla rybołówstwa. MOC funkcjonują w wielu rejonach mórz, przy czym większość z nich znajduje się w rejonach przybrzeżnych. Część MOC nie spełniło pokładanych w nich nadziei. Brak skuteczności MOC może wynikać z niewłaściwej lokalizacji, z oddziaływania niekontrolowalnych czynników zewnętrznych, z niewystarczającej znajomości ekologii akwenu otaczanego ochroną czy też z konfliktu między potrzebami ochrony a celami ekonomicznymi i społecznymi. W wielu przypadkach jednak MOC okazały się skutecznym narzędziem ochrony lub rewitalizacji ożywionych zasobów mórz. MOC, ustanowione i funkcjonujące w oparciu o uregulowania prawne i współpracę różnych grup użytkowników, mogą powstrzymać niszczenie siedlisk, złagodzić lokalne efekty przełowienia populacji ryb i wzmocnić odporność ekosystemów na globalne zmiany klimatyczne i wzrost populacji ludzkiej. Są one odpowiedzią na potrzebę zachowania bogactwa gatunków i ekosystemów morskich znajdujących się zarówno w bezpośrednim zasięgu społeczności nadmorskich, jak i bardzo odległych od wybrzeży, ale odczuwających skutki antropopresji.

EN

Marine Protected Areas (MAP) are a form of marine ecosystem diversity conservation. Their role is to provide protection to rare and/or endangered species, protect entire particularly valuable communities and their habitats, serve as a reference in studies on changes of the marine environment, and yield potential benefits for fisheries. Although MPA have been established in various marine areas, most of them are situated in the near-shore zone. Some MPA have not lived up to expectations. Their failure could have resulted from unsuitable location, operation of uncontrollable external factors, inadequate knowledge on the ecology of an area granted protection, or from a conflict between conservation needs and economic and social goals of stakeholders in an area. However, in many cases MOC have proven to be an efficient tool in protection, conservation, and revitalisation of living marine resources. Established and functioning in a framework of an appropriate legal system and cooperation of various groups of users, MPA have a potential of preventing habitat degradation, ameliorating local effects of overfishing, and reinforcing the resistance of marine ecosystems to global climate changes and human population increase. MPA are an answer to the need for conserving the richness of marine species and ecosystems, both those exposed to direct effects of activities within the coastal zone and those that, although remote from the shore, are nevertheless affected by anthropognic pressure.

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Abyssal epibenthic megafauna of the Clarion-Clipperton area (NE Pacific): Changes in time and space versus anthropogenic environmental disturbance

Radziejewska T., Stoyanova S.

Oceanological Studies

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2000

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Vol. 29, No. 2

83-101

EN

Abyssal epibenthic megafauna was used as one of biological indicators of the effects of anthropo-genic sediment disturbance in the Benthic Impact Experiment (BIE) carried out within 1994-1997 by the Interoceanmetal Joint Organization (IOM) in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (NE Pacific). Analysis of bottom photographs collected from 14 phototransects measuring about 2-10 km in length, made during three cruises, yielded data on the composition and abundance of the epi-benthic megafauna in nodule-bearing (N) and nodule-free (NF) areas of the bottom. The latter included a site at which experimental sediment disturbance, mimicking that produced by nodule mining, was induced. Megafauna was studied before (October 1994, July 1995) and immediately after the disturbance (July 1995), a follow-up survey being performed in April 1997, i.e., 22 months after the original disturbance. Characteristic differences in megafaunal composition and abundance between the two habitat types (N vs. NF) were recorded, the N bottom megafauna being consistently more abundant and dominated by sessile invertebrates (mainly sponges), while the NF megafauna showed a preponderance of mobile deposit feeders (holothurians). The megafaunal abundance in both habitat types showed differing patterns of temporal changes: while the abundance in the NF areas declined sharply immediately after the disturbance and markedly increased 22 months later, the N megafauna abundance was observed to increase from one survey to the next. Due to the fact that the sediment sampled in April 1997 showed evidence of a substantial phytodetritus input, the increase in the megafaunal abundance, recorded in both habitat types at that time, is assumed to reflect mainly the increase in the benthic food supply, superimposed in the NF transect sections on natural processes of recolonisation, proceeding in the disturbed areas of the bottom.

9

Meiobenthic communities of the Pomeranian Bay (southern Baltic): effects of proximity to river discharge

Rokicka-Praxmajer J., Radziejewska T., Dworczak H.

Oceanologia

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1998

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No. 40 (3)

243-260

EN

The Pomeranian Bay (southern Baltic Sea) is a component of the river Oder (Odra) estuarine system. It receives the Oder's discharge once it has passed through the Szczecin Lagoon, a eutrophic and polluted water body. The discharge has been documented as affecting the hydrography of the pelagic domain as well as the sedimentary environments and the macrozoobenthos of the Bay. This study focused on the distribution of meiobenthic communities in the Bay as investigated with the use of a suite of uni- and multivariate analyses applied to data collected at 14 stations in September 1993. Meiobenthic community characteristics (composition and abundance) are presented in relation to sediment properties (grain size, silt/clay and organic matter content), changing with distance from the major riverine discharge site. The communities studied showed a clear distinction between those associated with organic matter-enriched sediments close to the discharge site and the assemblages living in clean sands, away from the discharge. We conclude that the meiobenthos can be regarded as another compartment of the Pomeranian Bay system responding to the River Oder discharge.