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1

Evolution of Early and Middle Pleistocene river valley systems in Polish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-border areas based on geological and malacological proxies

Lindner L., Szymanek M.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 3

620--630

EN

The geological setting of the Bug-Pripyat interfluve and the close proximity of the source of the Pripyat River to the well-developed Middle Bug River valley suggest that these rivers may have been connected in the past. Analysis of geological cross-sections around the Polish-Ukraine-Belarus cross-border areas together with study of associated Pleistocene palaeoflora shows that buried alluvial deposits of the proto-Bug and proto-Pripyat clearly represent the Preglacial (MIS 103-23), Podlasian/Turskian-Donian/Brest Interglacial (Cromerian I-II; MIS 21-17) and the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Alexandrian Interglacial (Holsteinian; MIS 11c). Their elevated position in mid-eastern Poland suggests the possibility of accumulation by proto-Bug waters flowing eastwards, which determined the formation and development of the lower-lying proto-Pripyat valley system in northwestern Ukraine at those times. The occurrence of the Ponto-Caspian species Lithoglyphus naticoides (C. Pfeiffer, 1828), Borysthenia naticina (Menke, 1845) and Corbicula fluminalis (O.F. Müller, 1774) in the mollusc assemblages of the Mazovian/Likhvinian/Alexandrian Interglacial implies that the main watershed between the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea drainage basins might have been situated in the northern part of the area studied. Presumably its main part was drained by the waters of the proto-Bug catchment connected with the proto-Pripyat and flowing farther to the east towards the Dnieper River entering the Black Sea.

2

A New Approach to Measurement of Frequency Shifts Using the Principle of Rational Approximations

Murrieta-Rico F. N., Petranovskii V., Sergiyenko O. Y., Hernandez-Balbuena D., Lindner L.

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2017

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Vol. 24, nr 1

45--56

EN

When a frequency domain sensor is under the effect of an input stimulus, there is a frequency shift at its output. One of the most important advantages of such sensors is their converting a physical input parameter into time variations. In consequence, changes of an input stimulus can be quantified very precisely, provided that a proper frequency counter/meter is used. Unfortunately, it is well known in the time-frequency metrology that if a higher accuracy in measurements is needed, a longer time for measuring is required. The principle of rational approximations is a method to measure a signal frequency. One of its main properties is that the time required for measuring decreases when the order of an unknown frequency increases. In particular, this work shows a new measurement technique, which is devoted to measuring the frequency shifts that occur in frequency domain sensors. The presented research result is a modification of the principle of rational approximations. In this work a mathematical analysis is presented, and the theory of this new measurement method is analysed in detail. As a result, a new formalism for frequency measurement is proposed, which improves resolution and reduces the measurement time.

3

Quaternary stratigraphy and palaeogeography of Poland

Marks L., Dzierżek J., Janiszewski R., Kaczorowski J., Lindner L., Majecka A., Makos M., Szymanek M., Tołoczko-Pasek A., Woronko B.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2016

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Vol. 66, no. 3

403--427

EN

Though the stratigraphical and palaeogeographical framework of the Quaternary in Poland is still to be completed, several crucial points have been confirmed recently. The preglacial series, accepted for years as belonging to the Lower Pleistocene, is undoubtedly of Early Pliocene age, with a huge hiatus above almost until the uppermost Lower Pleistocene. The earliest glaciation in Poland (Nidanian) occurred at about 900 ka BP when the ice sheet reached the mid-southern part of the country. The following Podlasian Interglacial embraced the Brunhes/Matuyama boundary in the middle, in a similar fashion to the corresponding Cromerian Complex in Western Europe. The late Early and early Middle Pleistocene interglacials in Poland comprised 2-3 optima each, whereas every one of the younger interglacials was characterised by a single optimum only. The Late Vistulian ice sheet was most extensive in the western part of Poland (Leszno Phase) whereas the younger Poznań Phase was more extensive in the central and eastern part of the country. This was due to the varied distance from the glaciation center in Scandinavia, making the ice sheet margin reach a terminal position in different times. Palaeoclimatological research in the Tatra Mountains has provided new evidence for the atmospheric circulation over Europe. During cold phases of the Pleistocene in Poland a continental climate extended further westwards, quite the opposite that occurring during warmer intervals.

4

Origin and age of Pleistocene ‘mixed gravels’ in the northern foreland of the Carpathians

Lindner L., Marks L.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2013

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Vol. 83, No. 1

29--36

EN

Accumulations of pebbles in the northern foreland of the Carpathians in Ukraine and Poland, composed mostly of Carpathian sandstones, but with a small admixture of Scandinavian rocks, have been known for many years as the ‘mixed gravels’. The occurrence of these gravels in the San–Dnistr and Vistula–Odra interfluves proves that they are of fluvial origin and were deposited by rivers that flowed northwards during the Podlasian (Martonosha and Shirokino) and Ferdynandovian (Lubny) Interglacials. The Scandinavian material was derived from eroded glacial deposits of Nidanian (Turskian) and Sanian 1 (Vyzhivskian, equivalent to Donian) Glaciations.

5

O podziale klimatostratygraficznym kompleksu środkowopolskiego w plejstocenie Polski

Lindner L., Marks L.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 1

36-45

EN

The term Middle Polish Complex was introduced by the authors in 2007 as an informal superstage of the younger Middle Pleistocene in Poland. It replaced a previous inconsistent term of Middle Polish Glaciations, composed both of glaciations and interglacials. The Middle Polish Complex comprises deposits of 3 glaciations (Liwiecian, Krznanian and Odranian) and 3 interglacials (Mazovian, Zbójnian and Lublinian). Glacial and lake-marshy deposits of the complex correspond with loess sequences and separating palaeosols. Their common superposition in Poland and recorded palaeomagnetic episodes Emperor, Chegan, Jamaica and Blake of the Brunhes epoch verify a chronology of climatic changes and climatostratigraphic subdivision of the complex. Mutual relation of climate changes and their reference to glacial-interglacial and loessy-palaeosol cycles in neighbouring countries support usefulness to more specified correlations. Successive interglacials and glaciations of the Middle Polish Complex correspond to rhythmic global climate changes reflected by oxygen isotope stages in deep-sea boreholes (MIS11-6)

6

Późnoplejstoceński rozwój doliny Niemna w rejonie Grodna na Białorusi

Lindner L., Sańko A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 1

73-80

EN

Based on geological and paleobotanic data, the oldest valley system of the Niemen River is linked in the study area with a river located southward of Grodno, within a parallel valley from the Alexandrian (Mazovian) Interglacial. The foundations of the present-day, almost meridian course of the Niemen River valley, are connected with a system of post-glacial lakes from the Sozhian (Wartanian) Stadial of the Pripethian (Odranian) Glaciation, later filled with organic deposits of the Muravian (Eemian) Interglacial. Analysis of six sites with these deposits (Pyszki, Rumlówka, Poniemuń, Żukiewicze, Bohatyrowicze and Kniażewodce) indicates that they represent three lakes located at different altitudes. During the maximal range of the Dvinian (Main) Stadial of the Poozerian (Vistulian) Glaciation, the lakes were beyond the range of the ice-sheet. At this time, the highest located deposits of the Poniemuń-Żukiewicze lake were covered by sander sediments, whereas the Bohatyrowicze-Kniażewodce and Pyszki-Rumlówka lakes that were located at lower levels, were covered by fluvio-periglacial deposits and varved clays of the Skidel ice-dammed lake. Retreat of the ice-sheet of the Dvinian Stadial, resulting in outflow of water from the Skidel ice-dammed lake through the area with the two lower interglacial lakes, triggered the formation of a system of the Niemen River supra-flood terraces above them. Accumulation of the highest of these terraces (VI), during the first phase of the Skidel lake outflow, marks the beginning of the present-day Niemen River valley formation that probably began in the younger phases of the Dvinian ice-sheet retreat. Further evolution of the valley is linked with the Late Glacial formation of the middle (III-V) supra-flood terraces and with the Holocene formation of the lower (II, I) supra-flood terraces.

7

Czy i gdzie mamy w Polsce ślady przedostatniego interglacjału (lubawskiego, lubelskiego)?

Lindner L.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 5

398-398

EN

Based on documented examples, distinguishing the penultimate interglacial located at 7 OIS (251.000–195.000 years BP) has been proved correct in the Pleistocene of Europe. In Poland this interglacial is documented by lacustrine deposits of the Lubavian Interglacial (the sites: Grabówka, Losy), a mid-loess soil complex of the Tomaszów type (the sites: Odonów, Tomaszów, Nieledew, Branice, Łopatki) of the Lublinian Interglacial and marine deposits of the so-called Sztum Sea (the site Nowiny). Out of Poland it is characterized by marine deposits of the Grřdeland Interglacial, as well as by lacustrine deposits of the Le Buchet, Uecker, Snaigupélé, Shklov, Cherepet Interglacial, and the Korshev, Kaydaki mid-loess soil complex. It is also possible that part of the sites in the Polish Lowlands that previously have been, solely on the basis of palynologic experts, attributed to the last interglacial (Eemian), in fact represent the penultimate interglacial (Lubavian, Lublinian), separating the Krznanian Glaciation (8 OIS) from the Odranian Glaciation (6 OIS).

8

Propozycja interglacjalnych stanowisk stratotypowych dla środkowego plejstocenu Polski

Lindner L., Marciniak B.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2008

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nr 428

35-54

PL

W artykule przedstawiono uzasadnioną propozycję stanowisk stratotypowych dla czterech jednostek (formacji) interglacjalnych ze starszej i środkowej części środkowego plejstocenu Polski. Dla pierwszej, a jednocześnie najstarszej z tych jednostek (interglacjału kozi grzbiet) stanowiskiem tym jest bogato udokumentowany, m.in. faunistycznie i paleomagnetycznie, profil osadów jaskiniowych z Koziego Grzbietu koło Kielc. Drugą, młodszą jednostkę (interglacjał ferdynandów), bardzo dobrze dokumentuje, m.in. palinologicznie i diatomologicznie, profil osadów jeziorno-bagiennych w Ferdynandowie koło Kocka. Trzecią jednostkę (interglacjał mazowsze) dokumentuje także bardzo dobrze opracowany, m.in. palinologicznie i diatomologicznie, profil osadów jeziorno-bagiennych z Krępca koło Lublina. Czwartą, najmłodszą jednostkę (interglacjał zbójno) dokumentuje opracowany palinologicznie profil osadów jeziorno-bagiennych ze Zbójna koło Przedborza. Wymienione stanowiska i definiowane na ich podstawie jednostki interglacjalne są od lat powszechnie cytowane w polskiej i zagranicznej literaturze oraz uznawane przez wielu badaczy za przewodnie dla plejstocenu Polski.

EN

The paper presents a justified proposal of stratotype sites for four interglacial units (formations) in the lower and middle part of the Middle Pleistocene of Poland. The stratotype site for the lowermost (oldest) unit (Kozi Grzbiet = Małopolanian Interglacial) is a richly documented, e.g. by palaeontological and palaeomagnetic data, succession of deposits on Kozi Grzbiet near Kielce. The second, younger unit (Ferdynandovian Interglacial) is a succession of lacustrine-marsh deposits in Ferdynandów near Kock, documented by e.g. pollen and diatom data. In turn, the stratotype site for the third unit, (Mazovian Interglacial) is the succession of lacustrine-marsh deposits in Krępiec near Lublin, with pollen and diatom data. The fourth, youngest unit (Zbójnian Interglacial) is documented based on pollen data by the lacustrine-marsh deposits in Zbójno near Przedbórz. All mentioned sites and the defined interglacial units have for a long time been commonly cited in Polish and foreign papers and are considered by many scientists as typical for the Pleistocene of Poland.

9

Stanowisko osadów jeziornych interglacjału murawińskiego (eemskiego) w Rumlówce koło Grodna (Białoruś)

Marciniak B., Jełowiczewa J., Lindner L., Sańko A.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2007

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nr 425

75-86

PL

Przedstawiono główne wyniki badań interdyscyplinarnych osadów jeziornych w Rumlówce koło Grodna. Osady te reprezentowane są przez kredę i mułki ilaste, a przykryte są przez piaski i piaski ze żwirem stanowiące osady fluwioperyglacjalne i deluwialne najwyższego (VI) tarasu Niemna. Badaniami palinologicznymi objęto górną część kredy i mułku ilastego w profilu Rumlówka 2. Obejmują one młodszą część (od fazy Carpinus do fazy Betula+Pinus+NAP) interglacjału murawińskiego (eemskiego) i najstarszą część zlodowacenia poozierskiego (wisły). Badania diatomologiczne młodszej części osadów interglacjału murawińskiego pozwoliły na wydzielenie w nich pięciu lokalnych poziomów okrzemkowych (Local Assemblage Zones L DAZ DR-1 do DR-5), a na ich podstawie pięciu stadiów rozwoju ówczesnego jeziora, od głębokiego, oligotroficznego przez oligomezotroficzne, z często zmieniającym się poziomem wody, do eutroficznego, wyraźnie się wypłycającego. Analiza licznych szczątków malakofauny oraz zębów i kości ssaków, zachowanych zarówno w wymienionych osadach jeziornych, jak i przykrywających je osadach rzecznych, wykazała wzajemne przenikanie się form ciepło- i zimnolubnych. Jest to zjawisko typowe dla schyłkowej części ostatniego interglacjału (murawińskiego, eemskiego) i początkowej części ostatniego zlodowacenia (poozierskiego, wisły) na obszarze środkowej Europy.

EN

The paper presents results of multi-disciplinary studies of the lacustrine deposits from Rumlówka near Grodno. Geological studies show that the strata are represented by marls and clayey silts and are covered by sands and sands with gravel representing of the fluvioperiglacial and deluvial accumulation of the highest (VI) terrace of Niemen. Pollen analyses were conducted in the upper part of the marls and clayey silts in the Rumlówka 2 section. These deposits correspond to the younger part (from the Carpinus to the Betula+Pinus+NAP phase) of the Muravian (Eemian) Interglacial and the oldest part of the Poozerian (Vistulian) Glaciation. Diatom analyses of the younger part of the Muravian Interglacial allowed distinguishing five Local Assemblage Zones L DAZ DR-1 to DR-5, and as a result, also five stages of the lake evolution, from deep basin (oligotrophic lake), through a reservoir with oscillating water level (oligo-mesotrophic lake), to a distinctly shallowing environment (eutrophic lake). The analysis of abundant malacofauna along with teeth and bones of mammals preserved both in the lake deposits as well as in the overlying fluvial deposits indicated intermingling of thermo- and cryophilous forms. This phenomenon is typical of the terminal part of the last interglacial (Muravian, Eemian) and the initial part of the last slaciation (Poozerian, Vistulian) in Central Europe.

10

Correlation of Pleistocene deposits in the area between the Baltic and Black Sea, Central Europe

Lindner L., Bogutsky A., Gozhik P., Marks L., Łanczont M., Wojtanowicz J.

Geological Quarterly

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2006

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Vol. 50, No. 1

195-210

EN

The distribution, age and correlation of Pleistocene sediments (1.806–0.01 Ma) is presented for an about 1200 km long geologic cross-section that extends from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and crosses the eastern part of the Polish Vistula drainage basin, the Dniester and Upper Pripyat drainage basins of the Ukraine, and also parts of the Russian Kaliningrad District andMoldova. In the vicinity of Warsaw, the oldest Pleistocene deposits comprise preglacial fluvio-lacustrine sediments of the Otvockian (Eburonian) cooling and Celestynovian (Waalian) warming stages that equate in the south with the Berezan and Kryzhaniv horizons, composed of loessy clays, silts and red-brown palaeosol. Along the cross-section, deposits of 8 main glaciations correlate with a similar number of main loesses (Narevian–Ilyichivsk, Nidanian–Pryazovsk, Sanian 1–Sula, Sanian 2–Tiligul, Liviecian–Orel, Krznanian–Dnieper 1, Odranian–Dnieper 2–Tyasmyn, Vistulian–Valday) that are separated by 7 main intra-loess palaeosols that developed during the main interglacial periods (Augustovian–Shirokino, Małopolanian–Martonosha, Ferdynandovian–Lubny–Solotvin, Mazovian–Zavadivka–Sokal, Zbójnian–Potagaylivka, Lubavian–Lublinian–Kaydaky–Korshiv, Eemian–Pryluky–Horokhiv). The first three interglacials are megainterglacials, which possibly include cool intervals during which ice sheets did not advance beyond Scandinavia. All glaciations and loesses, as well as interglacials and palaeosols that are considered asmain climatostratigraphic units of the Pleistocene of Central Europe, are grouped into climatic cycles and megacycles that correlate with corresponding units of Western Europe.

11

Główne problemy stratygrafii i paleogeografii plejstocenu w pracach Profesora Stefana Zbigniewa Różyckiego i jego uczniów

Lindner L.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2006

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nr 419

37-64

PL

W pracy przedstawiono pięć głównych problemów badawczych dotyczących stratygrafii i paleogeografii plejstocenu podjętych przez Profesora Stefana Zbigniewa Różyckiego. Są to zagadnienia dotyczące: najstarszego zlodowacenia i najstarszego interglacjału, cyklów sedymentacyjnych i przedstawionego na ich podstawie podziału interglacjału wielkiego, identyfikacji i określenia rangi jednostek podziału klimatostratygraficznego plejstocenu, prezentacji paleogeografii obszaru Polski w plejstocenie oraz genezy i warunków akumulacji lessu. Wszystkie te problemy, mimo że zostały sformułowane i zainicjowane przed laty, również obecnie mieszczą się w centrum zainteresowań badawczych i jako takie znajdują swój wyraz w dokonaniach badawczych uczniów Profesora.

EN

The paper presents the five main scientific issues on the stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Pleistocene undertaken by Professor Stefan Zbigniew Różycki. The first is linked with the oldest glacian and oldest interglacial, and the second - with the sedimentary cycles and the sub-division of the Great Interglacial based on them. The third problem is focused on the identification and range of the climatostratigraphic units of the Pleistocene and the forth - on presenting the palaeogeographic evolution of the area of Poland during the Pleistocene. The fifth issue discussed herein is connected with the origin and conditions of loess accumulation. All issues, despite the fact that they had been expressed and initiated many years ago, are still the subject of scientific interest and as such are reflected in the scientific achievements of the Professor's students and disciples.

12

Nowe spojrzenie na liczbę, wiek i zasięgi zlodowaceń środkowopolskich w południowej części środkowowschodniej Polski

Lindner L.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 2

145--150

EN

An overview of the existing opinions combined with new geomorphological, geological, palaeopedological and TL data allow a new look at the number, age and ranges of the three Middle Polish (Saalian, Dnieperian) Glaciations in central-eastern Poland. During the first of these glaciations (Liviecian), correlated with the 10 oxygen isotope stage in deep-marine deposits (400–360 ka), the Scandinavian ice-sheet advanced in form of a rather narrow lobe, reaching only several tens of kilometres south of Warsaw. During the second glaciation (Krznanian), correlated with the 8 oxygen isotope stage (330–320 ka), it advanced in form of a wider lobe down to the northern margin of the Małopolska and Lublin uplands. In turn, during the third glaciation (Odranian), correlated with the 6 oxygen isotope stage (210–130 ka), the range of the Scandinavian ice-sheet was the largest. It stopped at the elevations of the Quaternary basement in the northern and western part of the Małopolska and Lublin uplands, reaching 330–280 m above sea level. In the study area the discussed glaciations are separated by two interglacials (Zbójnian, Lublinian = Lubavian), correlated with the Reinsdorf and Schöningen interglacials in Germany and Landos and Le Bouchet interglacials in France. The analysed data indicate that within the Odranian Glaciation, its maximum (Kamienna = Drenthe) and postmaximum stadials (Warta = Warthe), as well as two younger recessive stadials (Wkra, Mławka) should be distinguished. Due to the rather wide eastward distribution of the Scandinavian ice-sheets during the two younger glaciations, an attempt has been made to correlate them with the two Dnieperian glaciations in the Ukraine.

13

Znaczenie występowania glin lodowcowych Polski i Ukrainy

Lindner L., Boguckij A., Chlebowski R., Gożik P.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2004

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Vol. 52, nr 4

331-335

EN

The presence of glacial tills in eight loess type sections documenting, in most cases, a complete rhythm of climatic changes during the last 780 ka (Brunhes epoch) in Poland and Ukraine, allows to precisely establish the age of these tills. The oldest till in Odonów, Kolonia Zadębce, and Bojanice represents the Sanian 2 (Elsterian 2, Okanian) Glaciation. The younger till (in Wąchock, Gradiżsk, and Wjazowok) corresponds to the ice-sheet extent during the Krznanian (Saalian 2, Dnieper 1) Glaciation, and the youn gest till (in Wąchock, Bugaiwka, and Stajki) to the ice-sheet extent during the Odranian (Saalian 3, Dnieper 2) Glaciation. The occurrence of these glacial tills in the discussed loess sections is crucial for the correlation of glacial and extraglacial stratigraphic schemes for the Pleistocene of Europe.

14

Main climatic changes in the Quaternary of Poland, Belarus and Ukraine

Lindner L., Gozhik P., Marciniak B., Mars L., Yelovicheva Y.

Geological Quarterly

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2004

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Vol. 48, No 2

97--114

EN

26 units are described and correlated, representing the main climatic episodes during the Quaternary in Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. They comprise 13 cool and 13 warm intervals. The four oldest ones are Różcian (Olkhovskian, Siver), Ponurzycian (Grushevskian, Beregovo), Otwockian (Vselubskian, Berezan) and Celestynovian (Yelenynskian, Kryzhaniv); these correspond to Praetiglian, Tiglian, Eburonian and Menapian, respectively of the Early Pleistocene in the Netherlands. In Poland this part of the Quaternary is named the Pre-Glacial or the Pre-Pleistocene. The Mid and Late Quaternary (the glacial epoch in Europe) comprises 11 glaciations or global coolings, namely the Narevian in Poland (Zhlobynskian, Ilyichivsk), the younger pre-Augustovian (Rogachevian 1/2, Shirokino 1/2), Augustovian 1/2 (Rogachevian 2/3, Shirokino 2/3), Nidanian (Narevian in Belarus, Pryazovsk), Sanian 1 (Servetskian, Sula), Ferdynandovian 1/2 (Belovezhian 1/2, Lubny 1/2), Sanian 2 (Berezinian, Tiligul), Liviecian (Orel), Krznanian (Dnieper 1), Odranian+Wartanian (Dnieperian+Sozhian, Dnieper 2 = Tyasmyn), Vistulian (Poozerian, Valday); and 10 interglacials or global warmings: early pre-Augustovian (Rogachevian 1, Shirokino 1), Augustovian 1 (Rogachevian 2, Shirokino 2), Augustovian 2 (Rogachevian 3, Shirokino 3) ,Małopolanian (Korchevian,Martonosha), Ferdynandovian 1 (Belovezhian 1, Lubny 1), Ferdynandovian 2 (Belovezhian 2, Lubny 2), Mazovian (Alexandrian, Zavadivka), Zbójnian (Smolenskian, Potagaylivka), Lubavian (Shklovian, Kaydaky), Eemian (Muravian, Pryluky) and Holocene. All these units are correlated with oxygen isotope stages identified in deep-sea sediments, shown relative to the palaeomagnetic epochs and correlated with main cool and warm stratigraphic units of Western Europe. Particular attention was placed on correlation of glacial and lake deposits, loesses and palaeosols.

15

Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Bug loess (Pleistocene: Upper Vistulian) between Kiev and Odessa (Ukraine)

Chlebowski R., Gozhik P., Lindner L., Łanczont M., Wojtanowicz J.

Geological Quarterly

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2003

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Vol. 47, No 3

261-268

EN

Documented type sections (Vyazivok, Stayky, Uman, Troitskoye, Altestovo, Roxolany and Lebedivka) provide a basis for Pleistocene stratigraphy between Kiev and Odessa, and have been used to characterise the heavy mineral composition and part of the light fraction of the Bug loess in this area. These sections document an almost complete succession of climatic change during the last 780 ka, worked out mostly using loesses and palaeosols though also in the case of the first two sections, of glacial deposits. The heavy mineral composition of the Bug loess in these sections documents five mineral groups on the basis of their resistance to weathering and susceptibility to deflation and aeolian transport. Radar charts with particular mineral groups indicate mineralogical and genetic trends in the loesses. Moreover, in some sections the light fraction of the loess investigated contains derived microfossils (mainly foraminifers) of Cretaceous age, indicating source areas for the loess-forming material, and constraining the palaeowind directions. The data obtained allow distinction of three accumulation zones of the Bug loess in this area, reflecting loesses derived from different source areas and transported by winds from different directions. In northern sections (zone A), the Bug loess was accumulated by winds blowing from the west and north-west. More to the south (zone C), the same loess was accumulated by winds from the east and south-east. Loess preserved in zone B, between these areas, could be accumulated by winds from either of these directions.

16

Outline of Quaternary glaciations in the Tatra Mts. : their development, age and limits

Lindner L., Dzierżek J., Marciniak B., Nitychoruk J.

Geological Quarterly

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2003

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Vol. 47, No 3

269-280

EN

Geomorphological and geological data collected over many years suggest at least eight episodes during which the Tatra Mts. were glaciated during the Quaternary. Evidence of glaciers can be found both in the Slovakian and Polish parts of the mountains as glaciofluvial deposits located at different altitudes, and in some cases also as terminal and lateral moraines. There are no moraines for the three oldest glaciations, Biber, Donau and Günz, maybe as a result of less intense development of glaciers. During the Mindel (Sanian 2) Glaciation the glaciers occuped a larger area in the High Tatra Mts. in comparison to the Western Tatra Mts., whereas during the succeeding younger pre-Riss (Liviecian) Glaciation their development was more restricted. A greater extent of the Tatra Mts. glaciers occurred again during the Riss I (Odranian) Glaciation, while they were less extensive during the Riss II (Wartanian) Glaciation. During the Würm (Vistulian) Glaciation the glaciers were surprisingly large. This might have resulted from many factors, including changes in atmospheric circulation responsible for the distribution of precipitation, as well as changes in the position of the permanent snow limit due to climatic changes and/or neotectonic movements. Glaciers finally retreated from the Tatra Mts. by the end of the pre-optimal part of the Holocene.

17

Derived marine microfossils in loesses of the last glaciation and their significance in the reconstruction of loess-forming processes in central-eastern Europe

Paruch-Kulczycka J., Chlebowski R., Lindner L.

Geological Quarterly

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2003

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Vol. 47, No 2

119-132

EN

Documented examples of type sections with Pleistocene deposits in southern Poland (Tłumaczów, Branice, Wożuczyn, Tyszowce, Hrubieszów) and southwestern Ukraine (Bojanice, Horokhov, Zhorniv) indicate that loesses of the last glaciation (Vistulian, Valdayan) contain derived marine microfossils of Cretaceous age. The microfossil assemblages studied are richly represented by foraminifers, which are mostly well-preserved, and derived mainly Cretaceous, forms. Suitable Late Cretaceous exposures are nearby, around data shows that these rocks and their debris, and the overlying Pleistocene tills and sands, which are older than the loesses, represent one of the main sources of the loess silt. This fact and the heavy mineral content are evidence of the participation of local material in loess-forming processes in central-eastern Europe. The spatial distribution of the sections studied in relation to the determined sources of loess material indicate that the accumulation of the loesses took place mainly in the presence of western and/or northwestern winds in the lower parts of the atmosphere.

18

Wiek utworów glacjalnych nad dolną Kamienną według analizy geomorfologiczno-litostratygraficznej, datowania metodą TL oraz analizy składu petrograficznego

Pożaryski W., Maruszczak H., Lindner L.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2002

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Vol. 50, nr 1

87-90

PL

Dla osadów reprezentujących jeden cykl glacjalny nad dolną Kamienną uzyskano datowania metodą TL w przedziale od 274 do 721 ka. Wyniki analizy petrograficznej gliny zwałowej w obrębie tego cyklu są także wieloznaczne, ze wskazaniem na zlodowacenie warciańskie lub jedno ze zlodowaceń południowopolskich. Rezultaty uzyskane tymi dwoma metodami nie dają więc podstawy do kwestionowania pozycji wiekowej badanych osadów, określonej na zlodowacenie odrzańskie na podstawie analizy geomorfologiczno-litostratygraficznej.

EN

The sediments of a single glacial cycle on the lower Kamienna River were TL dated at 274 to 721 ka. The results of petrographic analysis of tills assigned to this cycle are also ambiguous indicating the Wartanian Glaciation or one of the South Polish Glaciations. The results derived from these two methods do not put in question the age of the examined sediments that have so far been ascribed to the Odranian Glaciation based on geomorphologic and lithostratigraphic analysis.

19

Graficzna prezentacja składu minerałów ciężkich lessów na wybranych przykładach z obszaru Polski i Ukrainy

Chlebowski R., Gozik P. F., Lindner L.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2002

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Vol. 50, nr 6

526-531

PL

Badania składu minerałów ciężkich lessów mają bardzo ważne znaczenie w interpretacjach genetycznych, określaniu warunków akumulacji tych utworów, określaniu obszarów źródłowych i pochodzenia materiału lessotwórczego. Autorzy zalecają badanie nie tylko frakcji minerałów ciężkich, ale i frakcję lekką lessów, gdyż w obydwu tych frakcjach mogą występować minerały o genetycznie zróżnicowanej gęstości, jak np. glaukonit i muskowit. Ze względu na zróżnicowanie cech fizycznych i morfologicznych minerałów ciężkich wydzielono 5 grup mineralnych spośród wszystkich przezroczystych minerałów ciężkich występujących w lessach oraz grupę minerałów nieprzezroczystych. Grupa I - minerały najbardziej odporne na wietrzenie; II - minerały odporne na wietrzenie; III - minerały mało odporne na wietrzenie; IV - minerały najmniej odporne na wietrzenie; V - minerały najbardziej podatne na czynniki eoliczne, o pokroju blaszkowym; VI - minerały nieprzezroczyste. Dla grup I - V sporządzono techniką komputerową radarowe wykresy 5-cio wektorowe, obrazujące tendencje genetyczne badanych lessów, np. wektory I i II nawiązują do zwietrzelin skał magmowych i metamorficznych, wektory III i IV obrazują tendencje "lokalności" pochodzenia materiału lessotwórczego, a wektor V tendencje "eoliczne", obrazując zawartość minerałów o pokroju blaszkowym, podatnych na wywiewanie i transport eoliczny.

EN

Analyses of heavy minerals in loesses are crucial for genetic interpretations, determination of the accumulation conditions, determination of the source areas and the origin of loess material. The authors propose not only to examine the heavy minerals fraction but also the light fraction of loesses, as both fractions can contain minerals with genetically variable density, such as e.g. glauconite and muscovite. Due to variable physical and morphological properties of heavy minerals, five mineral groups as well as a group of non-transparent minerals were distinguished within all transparent heavy minerals occurring in loesses: group I- minerals most resistant to erosion; II-minerals resistant to erosion; HI-minerals poorly resistant to erosion; IV-minerals least resistant to erosion; V-minerals most susceptible to eolian factors, with a platy habit; VI- non-transparent minerals. For groups I-Vradar five-vector graphs were computer generated. The graphs reflect the genetic tendencies of the analysed loesses, e.g., vectors I and II reflect debris ofmagmatic and metamorphic rocks, vectors III and IV reflect the "local" character of the loess material, and vector V reflects "eolian " tendencies, indicating the presence of minerals with a platy habit, susceptible to blowing out and eolian transport.

20

Główne cykle klimatyczne w stratygrafii plejstocenu Polski i Ukrainy

Lindner L., Bogucki A., Marciniak B., Marks L., Łanczont M., Wojtanowicz J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2002

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Vol. 50, nr 9

787-792

PL

Przedstawiono zasady korelacji stratygraficznej 11 plejstoceńskich cykli glacjalno-interglacjalnych i lessowo-glebowych (od A do K) na obszarze Polski i Ukrainy. Stwierdzono zgodny rytm zmian klimatycznych w strefie pomiędzy Morzem Bałtyckim a Morzem Czarnym. Jednostki glacjalne i interglacjalne wyróżniane w Polsce odniesiono do sekwencji lessowych z glebami kopalnymi na Ukrainie. Analiza liczby i czasu trwania tych cykli potwierdza możliwość ich korelacji z cyklami astronomicznymi w przedziale 110-90 tysięcy lat. Podczas starszych cykli (od F do K) możliwa jest obecność większej liczby zlodowaceń i interglacjałów niż się dotychczas przyjmuje. W pierwszej kolejności może to dotyczyć sugestii wyodrębnienia ochłodzenia (zlodowacenia?) w interglacjale ferdynandowskim, a w dalszej kolejności pełniejszego dokumentowania ochłodzeń (zlodowaceń?) i ociepleń (interglacjałów) w interglacjałach małopolskim i podlaskim. Możliwość grupowania 2-3 plejstoceńskich cyklów klimatycznych w odrębne megacykle, wiąże się najprawdopodobniej z tym, że czas trwania niektórych cykli mógł się nieco różnić z racji obejmowania przez nie zarówno krótszych interglacjałów (np. eemskiego) jak również krótszych zlodowaceń (np. liwca). Taka identyfikacja megacyklów klimatycznych może także nawiązywać do koncepcji grupowania niektórych zlodowaceń plejstoceńskich w megaglacjały oraz stwarzać podstawy dla ich lepszego nawiązania do klasycznego schematu zlodowaceń alpejskich.

EN

Presented are main principles for stratigraphic correlation of 11 Pleistocene glacial-interglacial and loessy-palaeosol cycles (from A to K) in Poland and in the Ukraine. Concordant rhythm of climatic changes in the territory between the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea was found. Glacial and interglacial units in Poland were correlated with loess sequences and palaeosols in the Ukraine. Number and duration of the detected cycles support their possible correlation with astronomic cycles, 110-90 kyr long. More glaciations and intervening interglacials are to be found for the older cycles (from F to K). There is a distinct cooling (glaciation?) within the Ferdynandovian Interglacial as well as coolings (glaciations?) and warmings (interglacials) within the Malopolanian and Podlasian Interglacials. Some cycles could be shorter or longer if they comprised shorter interglacials (e.g., Eemian) or glaciations (e.g., Liviecian) and therefore, two or three climatic cycles can be grouped into separate megacycles. Such climatic megacycles could be referred more closely to the complex glaciations (megaglaciations). The approach presented in the paper may also enable closer correlation with the classical Pleistocene glacial epochs in the Alps.