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Dzieje Rosji w piśmiennictwie stanisławowskim po pierwszym rozbiorze

Kurkowski J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2017

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R. 62, nr 4

7--44

EN

The article constitutes a supplement and summary of the cycle dedicated to the view of Russian history in the writings of the times of the reign of King Stanislaus II (Dzieje Rosji w piśmiennictwie doby stanisławowskiej. Part I: until the 1st partition, „Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi”, vol. 9: 2015; Dzieje Rosji w piśmiennictwie doby stanisławowskiej. Part II: „Recherches sur les titres...” Feliksa Łoyki, „Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi”, vol. 11: 2017). The starting point of the preliminary research on this subject was Kazimierz Bartkiewicz’s list, which includes five items concerning Russia. This preliminary research disclosed several more titles and the work also covered cycles of articles „Pamiętnik Historyczno-Polityczny”, entries of Zbiór potrzebniejszych wiadomości, as well as a manuscript thesis of Łoyko Recherches sur les titres portés en différents tems par les souverains de Russie et de Moscovie. It still didn’t consider enough of the dominating role of Russia in public life of the Republic at that time. With certain reservations, only two texts can be viewed as an attempt of a comprehensive review of the history of our Eastern neighbour (Lacombe/Kniażewicz with Wyrwicz’s comments and Syruć/Rousset de Missy). A symbol of superficiality and brevity of Polish opinions on Russian topics is Zbiór potrzebniejszych wiadomości. Interest in the history of our powerful neighbour in the Polish writings of the 18th century became visible already in the Saxon times. It was accompanied by widening of the examination of life and undertaking by people attached to the Załuski Library of an editorial programme based on erudite model of historiography: thus came the questions concerning sources, subject bibliography, chronology, and fact-finding. This kind of “technical” attempts could be observed until 1781. Among the discussed publications translations formed a dominating part but none of them can be considered an adaptation or compilation. Polish translators concentrated on converting measures and values of money into our reality, stressed the issue of international obligations towards the Republic, and were sensitive to the issue of defence of the Catholic Church or Jesuits from external accusations (Syruć). The front runners here were French authors (Lacombe, De Mauvillon, De Bauclair) and German ones but closely connected with Russia (Pallas, Von Stӓhlin, Von Manstein, Schmidt). In Poland, also William Coxe’s Travels into Poland, Russia... were noticed, of which descriptions of the rule and “characters” of the rulers, from the times of Peter I onwards, were made available to the Polish public. Furthermore, there were attempts made to publish Russian texts but the basis of Russian history was still popular Western literature, mainly francophone. Writers of the times of the reign of King Stanislaus II were not willing to use their better understanding of the Russian world, blended in the cultural space of the Republic. They preferred to use French writers compiling texts, to copy or adapt their points of view, formulas and evaluations, even when being aware of structural errors of this historiography. After 1772, also voices of German authors were heard, who had known Russia from personal experience (Pallas, Von Stӓhlin, Schmidt), as well as an English historian, participant of a trip “to Northern countries” (Coxe). We should also confirm a traditional, negative stereotype of a “Muscovite”, which was particularly dominant in the description of the neglected epoch before the rule of Peter the Great. In the historiography of the times of the reign of King Stanislaus II that ruler is the central figure of Russia’s history. Voltaire presentation was for a long time a pattern of the description of his rule and not until the 1780s Coxe’s publication gave rise to the correction of this picture. At the same time an important source of hagiographic legend of the tsar - Von Stӓhlin’s Anegdoty - was translated into the Polish language. At the close of the First Republic, translations of De Mauvillon appeared, and particularly of De Bauclair that were addressed to the audience who welcomed sensational topics, which presented brutality of the fight at the time of Elisabeth, Peter III, and Catherine II. Those publications appeared in the provinces, and the rest in the enlightened Warsaw dedicated for people connected with Stanislaus Augustus. Zbiór dziejopisów polskich and, until certain time, also Kodeks by Dogiel (the work was continued under the auspices of the King) were the only effects of the activities of the milieu of Załuski Library thriving mainly in the Saxon times - “end of the world of noble erudites” can be connected with the turning point of the first partition. Descriptions of Russia’s history were dominated by chronicle perspective and we can try in vain to search for philosophical deliberations, or tribute to Voltaire’s postulates, who demanded from historians to include civilizational, economic, moral threads. A little camouflaged was a journalistic content: we unexpectedly find them in source editions or source theses (Łoyko). A leading subject before the first partition turns out to be the titulature of Russian rulers and international obligations towards the Republic, just before the Four Years Sejm - the question of the succession to the throne (hereditary succession). Those voices didn’t evoke wider discussion, though, but we can find evidence of censorship activities and Russian pressures. Certain “source journalism” based on historical and historical-legal sources came back at the time of the Four Years Sejm thanks to Franciszek Siarczyński.

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Wkład Polaków do badań nad dziejami dyplomacji europejskiej (XVIII w.)

Kurkowski J.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2012

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R. 57, nr 3/4

105--124

EN

The basis of these considerations are editions of sources of the international law as well as reviews of the history of European diplomacy in the 18th and the first half of the 194 j century - particularly the work of the famous Martens family (especially Georg Friedrich von Martens), of Johann Ludwig Klüber, Dietrich Heinrich Ludwig von Ompteda, Karl Albert von Kamptz etc. The evaluation of Polish achievements in the 18th century presented in these publications is very positive, although the compilation of main editions from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is far from complete. Editorial projects of Konarski, Dogiel, Skrzetuski, Obermajer, Jezierski or Siarczyński are a manifestation of a certain specific „documentary” tendency in the Polish literature of this period. In order to explain this certain characteristics of the 18th century culture, visible mostly during the reign of Augustus III and King Stanislaw Augustus, including the controversy surrounding the first partition (with a slight revival during the Great Sejm), one has to appeal to a variety of phenomena associated with the elite of the educated and active in public life personages, represented by a group of patrons, editorial and publishing groups or a list of subscribers of the greatest editorial projects of the period, with Volumina Legum at the forefront. First of all, one has to consider the political context of the phenomenon. Awareness of the crisis of the gentry state exhorted to seek solutions, primarily as part of the „eternal” order: to support institutions on proven and sustainable basis, to restore the good old customs, laws, virtues and long forgotten civic attitudes. There appeared a need for recapitulation - a need for a full, systematic and reliable description of the present, and especially of gathering and organizing the knowledge about the state of the country and of its institutions. A special assignment in systematization, rationalization and restoration of the reality was allocated to history and to the public law - in the Republic of Poland, as in the Reich having the character of „historical right”, based on a continuous, uninterrupted tradition. No wonder that one of the basic features of historical and legal retrospection of the time of Augustus III is the timeliness of topics and the focus on their formal and legal sides, which further obliterated boundaries between history and politics. In the explanations for this „documentary” tendency, one must also take into account the intellectual climate of the period, and especially pay attention to the scholarly pattern of humanities with its main slogan „sources and facts should speak for themselves”. The impact of the idea of „respublica litteraria” on the intellectual life of the elite of the Polish-Lithuanian state reached its apogee in the era of union with Saxony and during the reign of Stanislaw Leszczyński in Lorraine. In the world of scholars, editing sources constitute a specific form of historical writing, which in the Republic was also connected with some journalistic functions, as is exemplified by its surprising popularity in the mid-18th century Dzieje w Koronie Polskiej by Łukasz Górnicki, related to the timeliness of the Republic’s rights towards the Duchy of Livonia. Another, no less important than the current political issues, explanatory part, are the educational issues, especially the currently developing education form the elite, as is clearly evident in the curriculum in the standard facilities of the Piarist and Jesuit Orders. Moreover, international affairs increasingly occupied the public opinion stimulated by new means of social communication, especially by newspapers. In Europe of the 18th century, the subject of dispute at the highest levels of power, between main political camps, were usually different concepts of external actions, whereas in the Polish-Lithuanian state, after the foundation of great factions, each of which claimed to be entitled to pursue its own foreign policy. After the partition of the Republic, the journalistic and political contexts of Polish editing of historical sources did not disappeared entirely, as evidence in the form of publications by Leonard Chodźko shows. One may risk saying that this ever-present up to this day current in Polish political and historical thought referring in the international affairs primarily to legal and ethical arguments, has its beginnings in the literature of the 18th century.

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System sterowania i monitorowania węzłów cieplnych w Kołobrzegu

Kurkowski J.

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2007

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R. 38, nr 5

4-5

PL

Podstawowym zadaniem Miejskiej Energetyki Cieplnej w Kołobrzegu jest zaopatrywanie odbiorców w ciepło. Przedsiębiorstwo eksploatuje 11 źródeł ciepła o łącznej mocy cieplnej 113,3 MW. Główne źródło ciepła stanowi Ciepłownia Centralna zlokalizowana przy ul. Kołłątaja w Kołobrzegu. Łączna moc zainstalowanych tam 6 kotłów węglowych wynosi 104,7 MW. Stanowi to 92,5% mocy wszystkich źródeł. MEC ma również kotłownię gazową o mocy 7,2 MW na osiedlu w Podczelu oraz 9 gazowych kotłowni lokalnych o łącznej mocy 1,7 MW.