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1

The Workload and Performance Relationship in the Real World: A Study of Police Officers in a Field Shooting Exercise

Oron-Gilad T., Szalma J. L., Stafford S. C., Hancock P. A.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2008

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Vol. 14, No. 2

119--131

EN

We examined the relationship between perceived workload and performance by evaluating the responses of police officers to 4 different draw-and-shoot tasks in a night field training exercise which was part of their regular training regimen. Sixty-two police officers volunteered to participate. Results demonstrated an associative trend among 3 tasks where shooting performance decreased and workload increased as the tasks became more complex. However, performance on 1 specific shooting task did not correlate with any of the other 3 tasks, and in this 1 exceptional case, insensitivities were observed in which workload increased but performance remained constant.

2

Effects of Carbon Dioxide Inhalation on Psychomotor and Mental Performance During Exercise and Recovery

Vercruyssen M., Kamon E., Hancock P. A.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2007

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Vol. 13, No. 1

15--27

EN

On separate days, 6 highly trained participants performed psychomotor tests while breathing for 60 min 3 carbon dioxide (CO2) mixtures (room air, 3% CO2, or 4% CO2) prior to, between, and following two 15- min treadmill exercise bouts (70% VO2max). Each individual was extensively practiced (at least 4 days) before testing began, and both gas conditions and order of tasks were counterbalanced. Results showed physiological reactions and work-related psychomotor effects, but no effects of gas concentration on addition, multiplication, grammatical reasoning, or dynamic postural balance. These findings help define behavioral toxicity levels and support a re-evaluation of existing standards for the maximum allowable concentrations (also emergency and continuous exposure guidance levels) of CO2. This research explored the selection of psychometric instruments of sufficient sensitivity and reliability to detect subtle changes in performance caused by exposure to low levels of environmental stress, in this case differential levels of CO2 in the inspired air.

3

Do Children Have One Third Less Peripheral Vision Than Adults?

Hancock P. A.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2004

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Vol. 10, No. 2

191--195

EN

The following report is a case study example of how problematic information can invade and percolate through the literature on forensic human factors and ergonomics. Initially, a highly doubtful assertion was used to bolster an argument made in a legal case of wrongful death. The assertion was supported through reference to a number of cited works. When the trail of evidence was pursued, however, it became clear that diverse citations had all branched from one, single, original and doubtful source. The fundamental issue, whether children have one third less peripheral vision than adults turns out to be much more complex than the original, simplistic spatial conception suggested. The case study illustrates the importance of ascertaining original citations and is yet another example of the frustration that often accompanies forensic activity where financial and legal concerns frequently over-ride the fundamental search for knowledge.

4

Individual Differences in Behavioral Compliance to Warnings Representing Varying Degrees

Weaver J. L., Gerber T. N., Hancock P. A., Ganey H. C. N.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2003

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Vol. 9, No. 2

149--160

EN

Research regarding warning compliance has often emphasized the physical aspects of the warning itself. Here, we examine the role of the perceiver in sensation seeking and health orientation as individual difference variables that affect behavioral compliance to a health warning. The experiment used a laboratory-based simulation of a chemistry demonstration that has been used in previous warnings research. In addition, however, individual difference effects of sensation seeking and health orientation were investigated. Among the significant findings were a significant interaction between condition assignment and sensation seeking on compliance outcome and a significant interaction between condition and health orientation. These results indicate that individual difference variables represent significant influences on the degree to which persons comply with warnings.

5

Effects of Gender and Athletic Participation on Driving Capability

Hancock P. A., Kane M. J., Scallen S., Albinson C. B.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2002

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Vol. 8, No. 2

281--292

EN

This study sought to determine if spatiotemporal skills, represented by success in high level sport, transfer to driving and, if so, whether such transfer is mediated by the gender of the driver. Using an emergency-braking test, we compared the driving ability of male and female athletes and non-athletes and showed that athletes achieved significantly longer and therefore superior durations for time-to-contact. The advantage of athletic participation thus did not appear in movement time but rather in the ability to produce desirable performance in context. We found that males and females did not differ significantly with respect to driving, however, involvement in sport apparently transfers to aspects of driving and so provides benefits beyond the intrinsic reward of the sports activities themselves.

6

Driver Workload Response to In-Vehicle Device Operations

Jerome C. J., Ganey H. C. N., Mouloua M., Hancock P. A.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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2002

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Vol. 8, No. 4

539--546

EN

A central concern of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is the effect of in-vehicle devices (e.g., cell phones, navigation systems, radios, etc.) on driver performance and safety. As diverse and innovative technologies are designed and implemented for in-vehicle use, questions regarding the presence and use of these devices assume progressively greater importance. Further concerns for advanced driver training require us to develop and validate reliable and effective procedures for assessing such effects. This work examines a number of candidate procedures, in particular the evaluation of change in cognitive workload as a strategy by which such goals might be achieved.