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1

Mechanical mixing and deaeration station for adhesive compositions

Miturska-Barańska Izabela

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

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2023

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nr 4

38--47

EN

This paper presents the design of a specialised mixing and deaeration station for adhesive compositions. The aim of the work was to present a device for simultaneous mixing and gas bubble removal, as well as to verify the correctness of the practical application of the station by conducting experimental tests. In the experimental research, the subject of the study was an adhesive composition of the Epidian 5 epoxy resin with the PAC curing agent, which was prepared using four mixing methods carried out with the use of the station for simultaneous mixing and deaeration. The first mixing variant (V1) consisted of mixing the adhesive composition with a paddle mixer at 1170 rpm for 3 minutes, while in the second variant (V2) mixing was carried out with a dispersing disc mixer at 1170 rpm for 3 minutes. The third variant (V3) of mixing was carried out as variant 2, except that the adhesive composition was subjected to deaeration during mixing, while variant 4 (V4) additionally used deaeration of the composition after the mixing process for 2 minutes. The tested adhesive composition was physically modified by adding particles of calcium carbonate CaCO3 to verify the correct mixing of the composition components. The prepared samples were subjected to tensile and compressive strength tests. The structure of the prepared samples was also analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tests carried out showed that the stand for simultaneous mixing and deaeration of adhesive compositions meets the expectations set for it. Mixing variant 4, in which mixing was realised using a dispersing disc mixer, proved to be the most favourable mixing method. Mixing was carried out at a speed of 1170 rpm for 3 minutes. In addition, during the mixing process, a deaeration process of the mixed composition was carried out, as well as deaeration was realised after the mixing process in a time of 2 minutes. Changing the mixing parameters contributed to an increase in both the tensile strength and compressive strength of the tested compositions. SEM analysis of the observed samples showed that changing the mixing parameters reduced the amount of air bubbles in the adhesive structure and, in the case of modified compositions, resulted in a better distribution of the filler in the structure of the mixed compositions.

PL

W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono projekt specjalizowanego stanowiska do mieszania i odpowietrzania kompozycji klejowych. Celem pracy była prezentacja urządzenia do jednoczesnego mieszania i usuwania pęcherzy gazowych, a także sprawdzenie prawidłowości praktycznego zastosowania stanowiska przez przeprowadzenie badań doświadczalnych. W badaniach doświadczalnych przedmiotem badań była kompozycja klejowa żywicy epoksydowej Epidian 5 z utwardzaczem PAC, którą przygotowano z zastosowaniem 4 sposobów mieszania realizowanych z użyciem stanowiska do jednoczesnego mieszania i odpowietrzania. Pierwszy wariant mieszania (V1) polegał na mieszaniu kompozycji klejowej mieszadłem łopatkowym z prędkością 1170 obr/min w czasie 3 minut, w drugim wariancie (V2) mieszanie realizowano z zastosowaniem mieszadła tarczowego dyspergującego z prędkością 1170 obr/min w czasie 3 minut. Trzeci wariant (V3) mieszania był realizowany tak jak wariant 2, z tym że kompozycję klejową poddano odpowietrzaniu w trakcie mieszania, natomiast w wariancie 4 (V4) zastosowano dodatkowo odpowietrzanie kompozycji po procesie mieszania w czasie 2 minut. Badaną kompozycję klejową poddano fizycznej modyfikacji poprzez dodanie cząsteczek węglanu wapnia CaCO3 celem weryfikacji poprawności zmieszania składników kompozycji. Wykonane próbki poddano badaniom wytrzymałości na rozciąganie i ściskanie. Analizowano również strukturę wykonanych próbek z zastosowaniem skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że stanowisko do jednoczesnego mieszania i odpowietrzania kompozycji klejowych spełnia stawiane mu oczekiwania. Najkorzystniejszym sposobem mieszania okazał się 4 wariant mieszania, w którym mieszanie zrealizowano z użyciem mieszadła tarczowego dyspergującego. Mieszanie realizowano z prędkością 1170 obr/min w czasie 3 minut. Dodatkowo w trakcie mieszania przeprowadzano process odpowietrzania mieszanej kompozycji, jak również odpowietrzanie realizowano po procesie mieszania w czasie 2 minut. Zmiana parametrów mieszania przyczyniła się do wzrostu wytrzymałości zarówno na rozciąganie, jak i wytrzymałości na ściskanie badanych kompozycji. Analiza SEM obserwowanych próbek wykazała, że zmiana parametrów mieszania pozwala zmniejszyć ilość pęcherzy powietrza w strukturze kleju, a w przypadku kompozycji modyfikowanych spowodowała lepsze rozprowadzenie napełniacza w strukturze mieszanych kompozycji.

2

Evaluation of Surface Preparation Technology for Steel Components with Fluoropolymer-based Coatings in Terms of Anti-adhesive and Mechanical Properties

Miturska-Barańska Izabela, Doluk Elżbieta

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 6

140--154

EN

The subject of the research presented in this paper was the evaluation of the technology of surface preparation of steel samples in terms of anti-adhesion and mechanical properties through the use of PFA coatings. Such coatings are used in many industries, e.g. in the manufacture and operation of metal moulds used, for example, in the production of resinous components. The specimens used in the study, which represented the surface of the moulds, were made from DC01 sheet. Six variants of release coating technology were used, differing in the number of technological operations and parameters. In the final stage, appropriate test methods were used to assess the energy properties of the coatings produced, the mechanical properties in terms of deformation of the supporting structure and the mechanical properties in terms of the effects on the coating itself. The scope of the research made it possible to determine the main properties that the manufactured coatings have in terms of their future practical applications. The results obtained for the surface free energy determined from the measurement of the surface wetting angle, the mechanical properties obtained from the three-point bending test and the evaluation of the surface quality of the coatings subjected to compressive and tensile deformations in the bending test, as well as the functional properties of the coatings in terms of their durability and adhesion determined in scratch tests, showed that the best characteristics were obtained for variant 6. This variant consisted of sequentially, after the initial stage, applying a primer layer and drying it for 15 minutes at 250°C, applying a PFA layer to the component at 150°C and then drying it for 15 minutes at 200°C and curing it for 20 minutes at 380°C. An additional layer of PFA was then applied and dried for 15 minutes at 200°C and cured for 20 minutes at 340°C. In addition, a long annealing for 3 hours at 340°C was applied in a given variant.

3

Influence of technological factors on the strength of wood adhesive joints

Ogrodniczek Jacek, Rudawska Anna, Miturska-Barańska Izabela, Doluk Elżbieta

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

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2022

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nr 2

3--7

EN

The article presents the results of a statistical analysis of adhesive joints with identical structural and material factors in relation to technological factors. Four types of adhesive joints were made: butt joints, lap joints, scarf joints and wedge joints. The joined materials were pine and oak wood. Each type of adhesive joint was joined in the following wood configurations: pine-pine, pine-oak, oak-oak. The technological factors were the type of adhesive, the humidity of the wood and the surface preparation of the samples. The U Mann-Whitney test was used to perform the statistical analysis. Results of statistical tests showed the influence of the used adhesive on pine-oak butt joints and wood moisture on pine-oak butt joints. Furthermore, the effect of wood configurations on the strength for each of the tested adhesive joints was compared using the Dunn’s statistical test. The test showed that there were not statistical differences between the joints in configurations pine-pine and pine-oak.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy statystycznej połączeń klejowych o jednakowych czynnikach konstrukcyjnych i materiałowych względem czynników technologicznych. Wykonano 4 rodzaje konstrukcji połączeń klejowych: doczołowe, zakładkowe, skośne, klinowe. Materiałami łączonymi było drewno sosny i dębu. Każdy rodzaj połączenia klejowego łączono w konfiguracji drewna: sosna-sosna, sosna-dąb, dąb-dąb. Czynnikami technologicznymi był rodzaj kleju, wilgotność drewna oraz przygotowanie powierzchni próbek. Do wykonania testu statystycznego wykorzystano test U Manna-Whitneya. Analiza statystyczna wykazała wpływ rodzaju kleju na połączenia doczołowe sosna-dąb oraz wilgotności drewna na połączenia skośne sosna-dąb. Ponadto porównano wpływ gatunku drewna na wytrzymałość każdego z badanych połączeń klejowych przy pomocy testu Dunna. Test wykazał, że połączenia sosna-sosna nie różnią się statystycznie od połączeń sosna-dąb.

4

Impact of adhesive type and abrasive wear used in the surface preparation process on the strength of steel sheet adhesive joints

Miturska-Barańska Izabela, Rudawska Anna, Doluk Elżbieta, Ogrodniczek Jacek

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

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2022

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nr 3

10--17

EN

The aim of the paper was to present issues related to the determination of the influence of selected technological factors: the method of surface preparation and type of adhesive on the strength of adhesive joints made of steel sheet C45. As a method of surface preparation the process of shot-blasting with the use of three types of abrasives differentiated in terms of the degree of its wear was used. The adhesive bonds were made with the use of two two-component epoxy adhesive compositions based on Epidian 57 epoxy resin and PAC and Z-1 curing agents combined with the resin in the recommended proportions. The measurements of roughness and topography of surfaces prepared for the bonding process were also carried out. After the curing process, strength tests of adhesive bonds were performed on the Zwick/Roell 150 testing machine, according to PN-EN 1465 standard. It was noted, among others, that with increasing wear of the abrasive used in the surface preparation process, the value of adhesive bonds strength decreased and the higher strength of adhesive bonds was characterized by adhesive joints made with Epidian57/Z-1/100:10 adhesive. The obtained results were subjected to statistical analysis.

PL

Celem artykułu było przedstawienie zagadnień związanych z określeniem wpływu wybranych czynników technologicznych: sposobu przygotowania powierzchni oraz rodzaju kleju na wytrzymałości połączeń klejowych wykonanych z blachy stalowej C45. Jako sposób przygotowania powierzchni wykorzystano proces śrutowania z wykorzystaniem trzech rodzajów ścierniw zróżnicowanych pod względem stopnia jego zużycia. Połączenia klejowe wykonano przy użyciu dwóch dwuskładnikowych kompozycji klejowych epoksydowych bazujących na żywicy epoksydowej Epidian 57 oraz utwardzaczy PAC i Z-1 łączonych z żywicą w zalecanych proporcjach. Przeprowadzono także pomiary chropowatości oraz topografii powierzchni przygotowanych do procesu klejenia. Po procesie utwardzania dokonano prób wytrzymałościowych połączeń klejowych na maszynie wytrzymałościowej Zwick/Roell 150, zgodnie z normą PN-EN 1465. Zauważono m.in., że wraz ze wzrostem stopnia zużycia ścierniwa użytego w procesie przygotowania powierzchni, wartość wytrzymałości połączeń klejowych malała, a wyższą wytrzymałością charakteryzowały się połączenia klejowe wykonane przy użyciu kleju Epidian57/Z-1/100:10. Uzyskane wyniki poddano analizie statystycznej.

5

Effect of overlap length on the strength of adhesive joints of steel sheets

Doluk Elżbieta, Rudawska Anna, Miturska-Barańska Izabela, Ogrodniczek Jacek

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

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2022

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nr 4

3--6

EN

The study evaluates the shear strength of the single-lap adhesive joints made of C45 carbon steel. The influence of the overlap length on the shear strength of the adhesive joint was tested. The elongation of the samples was also tested. Before the bonding process, the samples were treated with P180 abrasive paper and degreased. The adhesive joints were made using the Epidian 53/Z1/100:10 adhesive composition. The strength tests were carried out on a Zwick/Roell Z150 testing machine. The maximum value of the shear strength was obtained for the lap Lz1 = 13 mm and the minimum for Lz4 = 19 mm.

PL

W pracy dokonano oceny wpływu długości zakładki na wytrzymałość na ścinanie jednozakładkowych połączeń klejonych wykonanych ze stali węglowej C45. Podczas eksperymentu zbadano także wydłużenie próbek. Przed rozpoczęciem procesu klejenia próbki zostały obrobione papierem ściernym P180 i odtłuszczone. Połączenia klejowe wykonano przy użyciu kompozycji klejowej Epidian 53/Z1/100:10. Badania wytrzymałościowe przeprowadzono na maszynie wytrzymałościowej Zwick/Roell Z150. Maksymalną wartość wytrzymałości na ścinanie uzyskano dla długości zakładki Lz1 = 13 mm, a minimalną dla Lz4 = 19 mm.

6

Influence of Adhesive Compound Viscosity on the Strength Properties of 1.0503 Steel Sheets Adhesive Joints

Miturska-Barańska Izabela, Rudawska Anna

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 2

196-205

EN

The presented study concerned the comparison of the adhesive joints strengths of 1.0503 carbon steel sheets of higher quality, which were made using adhesive compounds characterized by different viscosity index of the components. Three types of commercial epoxy resins were used: Epidian 5, Epidian 53 and Epidian 57, as well as two types of curing agents: polyamide (PAC) and amine (Z-1). The surfaces of the test specimens were subjected to a pre-treatment operation in the process of a mechanical machining with an abrasive coated tool of P320 gradation. The surface roughness measurements were carried out as a control. The single-lap adhesive joints were the subject of the strength testing. The strength tests carried out on a Zwick/Roell Z150 testing machine concerned the comparison of the strength of the adhesive joints loaded in shear. Statistical analysis was performed on the results obtained. It was observed, among others, that the adhesive joints prepared with the epoxy adhesive compounds containing the polyamide curing agent showed much higher the shear strength than the adhesive joints made with the epoxy adhesive compounds containing the amine curing agent. Moreover, the use of the polyamide curing agent in the adhesive compounds with the epoxy resins resulted in formation of a more elastic adhesive layer, for which higher elongation was observed than in the case of the epoxy compound with the amine curing agent.

7

Effect of Surface Abrasive Treatment on the Strength of Galvanised Steel Sheet Adhesive Joints

Miturska-Barańska Izabela, Rudawska Anna Rudawska

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 1

75--84

EN

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of abrasive treatment as a method of surface preparation on the strength of adhesive joints made of galvanised steel sheet. The subject of experimental investigations were adhesive joints of samples made of galvanised steel sheet DX51, 0.7 mm thick. The surfaces of the samples were abraded with coated abrasive tools of grain sizes P120, P180, P220, P400 and P600, and then degreased with PIKKO extraction solvent. The surface properties in terms of roughness and 3D surface topography were examined using a Hommel-Etamic T8000 RC120-400. The adhesive joints were made using Epidian 53 epoxy resin adhesive composition and IDA curing agent in a 100:40 weight ratio. Samples of single-lap adhesive joints were tested for strength on a Zwick/Roell Z150 testing machine, in accordance with the PN - EN 1465:2009 standard. The tests showed that the samples mechanically processed with an abrasive tool of P220 gradation show the best strength properties. Adhesive joints, in which the surface of the joined elements was mechanically processed with an abrasive tool of P120 gradation, obtained negative results. The obtained test results were subjected to further statistical analysis. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the distribution. Then, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and the median test were applied, which showed that there were no significant differences in the results obtained between the adhesive joints whose surfaces were prepared with P220 and P400 abrasive paper, i.e. both methods of surface preparation can be considered as the most favourable among those analysed during the adhesive bonding of DX51 galvanised sheets.

8

Effect of Face Milling Parameters of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics Composites on Surface Properties

Miturska-Barańska Izabela, Józwik Jerzy, Bere Paul

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 2

26--38

EN

This paper analyses the influence of face milling process parameters on the surface properties of carbon fibre reinforced polymer. The influence of milling speed and feed per tooth on the surface properties was determined. The influence of cutting speed and feed per tooth on surface energy properties was determined. The object of research was a carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) composites plate made of carbon fibre in epoxy matrix. The tool used in the study was a double-edged end mill. The machining parameters used were variable: cutting speeds of 100 m·min-1, 120 m·min-1, 140 m·min-1 and 160 m·min-1, and feeds per tooth of 0.015 mm/tooth, 0.020 mm/tooth, 0.025 mm/tooth and 0.03 mm/tooth. The axial depth of cut and radial depth of cut was a constant parameter. After milling, tests were carried out on the surface contact angle, which was used to determine the surface free energy. Based on the contact angle measurements carried out with the sitting-drop method and the calculation of the surface free energy with the Owens-Wendt model, it was observed, that the increase in the value of the surface free energy is significantly influenced by the increase in the cutting speed.