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Elaboration of topographic bases for statistical maps, their contents and importance

Cebrykow P.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2017

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Vol. 49, No. 3

97--106

EN

The author’s objective is to present the role of base contents for a statistical map and determine its desired features which would influence optimum perception of the main contents of the map. The article consists of two main parts. The first part discusses selection of cartographic projection. Presented recommendations could be summarized in a short conclusion that application of equal-area projections is the optimum solution. It results from the necessity of preserving correct spatial relations during the perception of the thematic map contents. It is recommended to show cartographic graticule on statistical maps, for it helps to recognize geometrical attributes of the map and plays the localizing role. The second part of the article concentrates on the issue of selection of base contents’ elements on statistical maps. Such selection depends on the method of presentation of the thematic contents of the map. Because of that the optimum contents of the map is discussed in the context of basic cartographic presentation methods, i.e. the dot method, the choropleth method, the diagram method and the isoline method. The role of base elements in the process of reading of the main contents is also underlined. It is shown that it is not only the localizing role. Including additional elements of base contents facilitates understanding of the spatial distribution of the phenomenon which is the main topic of the map. The article encourages extension of the contents of statistical maps by additional elements of contents, which, while keeping correct spatial relations, can improve the efficiency of map use.

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Cartographic generalization yesterday and today

Cebrykow P.

Polish Cartographical Review

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2017

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Vol. 49, No. 1

5--15

EN

The author presents evolution of views on cartographic generalization since it was defined by Emil von Sydow (1866) until today. It is divided into three chapters which present the evolution of views on cartographic generalization, models of generalization and digital generalization, respectively. Views on the topic of generalization evolved in the direction of broadening the term itself and towards a different perception of its nature. Originally generalization was understood as a process which can be performed on maps only. Now the prevailing understanding is that it begins earlier, at the conceptual stage of map making. Determination of the method of contents’ presentation is an indication of such generalization. The character of generalization is another important aspect of the discussion on its nature. The notion of a subjective nature of generalization, expressed, among others, by Max Eckert (1921), was originally predominant. Later there also appeared different opinions, allowing its objectivization (K.A. Saliszczew 1998). This direction helped to result in automation of the process of generalization of map contents. Currently a dualism in perceiving generalization can be observed, with a strong bias towards its objective aspect. In a separate chapter the author discusses conceptual models of generalization proposed by: L. Ratajski (1967, 1973), J. Morrison (1974), B.G. Nickerson (1988), K.E. Brassel and R. Weibel (1988), as well as R.B. McMaster and K.S. Shea (1992). They are divided into the universal models of theoretical character and those constructed for the purpose of computer automation of the process. Attempts at digital generalization which currently develop in the context of generalization of general, and especially topographic maps, are discussed separately. Most important algorithms concerning generalization of linear objects are presented chronologically, concluding with a description of comprehensive generalization systems. The summary presents two main conclusions. Firstly - work on generalization will continue to consider the geographical context during the process. Secondly - generalization of thematic, and especially statistical maps is the prospective direction.

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Zmiany wielkości i struktury przestrzennej lesistości a rozwój sieci obszarów chronionych na Roztoczu w XX w.

Kałamucka W., Kałamucki K., Cebrykow P., Cygan J.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2016

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Tom 18, cz. 2

363--374

EN

The aim of the study is to assess the size and the spatial distribution of forest cover change in Roztocze in the period 1930-1990, the identification of main causes and the connection with the system of protected areas. Different types of protected areas in both Polish and Ukrainian part of Roztocze were selected as test areas. High rank of natural values of Roztocze area justifies this selection. In 2011, Biosphere Reserve was created in the Ukrainian part and Transboundary Biosphere Reserve Roztocze will be created in the near future, including the Polish part. The area of TRB Roztocze will include the most important protected areas in the Polish and Ukrainian part of Roztocze, where the forests are a significant element of biodiversity.The study was based on the spatial data on forest areas and built-up areas obtained from topographic maps at scale 1: 100 000 made in the 30s and 90sof the twentieth century. Maps selection was preceded by query cartographic materials and the assessment of their suitability for these types of researches. The spatial analysis methods (GIS) were used in the studies, mainly cartometric methods. Their results are presented on maps using cartographic methods of presentation: ranges and cartograms.The study showed that in Roztocze region the forest area increased by over 20% in the analyzed time period (approx. 60 years). This situation refers mainly to protected areas situated on Roztocze Rawskie and Tomaszowskie. However, there was almost no changes recorded in the case of Roztocze Gorajskie, where the protected areas are the smallest. The main reason for the forest area increase were settlement changes (many of villages on the Polish-Ukrainian border zone disappeared after World War II) and forestry succession on rural areas. The forest area reduction was caused by the spatial development of urban centers such as Tomaszów Lubelski, Józefów and a formation of the military training ground in the Ukrainian part of Roztocze.

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Metoda wygładzania kartogramu jako alternatywa dla tradycyjnych sposobów wykonywania map izopletowych

Cebrykow P.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2005

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T. 37, nr 1

3-12

PL

W artykule opisano propozycję nowego sposobu opracowywania map izopletowych. Metoda oparta jest na kryterium zachowania zgodności mapy z wyjściowymi danymi statystycznymi i pozbawiona niektórych wad dotychczasowych sposobów sporządzania map izopletowych. Autor przedstawia również ocenę metody na przykładzie wykonanych map.

EN

In order to prepare an isopleth map by smoothing of a choropleth one has to transform a discontinuous statistical surface into a smoothed version, preserving the volumetric properties of presented phenomena. The starting point is an unclassed choropleth map. Smoothing of the stepped choropleth surface can be described as a process of gradual cutting and smoothing of all edges on boundaries of space units. The method consists of four stages (fig. 2). In the first the appropriate database is prepared. In the second the statistical surface of phenomena is smoothed. In the third stage the course of isopleths is interpolated. The last, fourth stage covers graphical preparation. The map of forests in Poland is an example of such procedure (fig. 3). The new method of isopleth map preparation has been verified. A number of maps of population density in Poland were prepared basing on data referring to gminy (local administration units). Best results were obtained when the smoothing process was repeated using filters with gradually increasing size of the smoothing matrix (fig. 8). The results were also positive with iteration smoothing, using a small matrix of a small filter (3x3), but the representation of phenomena was too detailed, (fig. 7). Single smoothing with a large size matrix brought clearly negative results (fig. 6). The research concluded the following: - the method of choropleth smoothing is a proposal for a well ordered and methodologically plausible method of isopleth map preparation; - screen representation of data makes it possible for the shape and area of basic fields to influence the isopleth map, reducing the negative impact of their irregularities; - as a result of statistic fidelity of this method isopleth maps become a credible source of information; - the method makes it possible to obtain severalrepresentations of the same phenomenon, differently generalized from the same set of data. In author's opinion the suggested method deserves to be well received among cartographers. Its merits ought to encourage mapmakers to choose the medium of isopleth map more often as well as provoke more research on the method's further development.

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Z problematyki określenia dokładności map izopletowych

Cebrykow P.

Polski Przegląd Kartograficzny

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2004

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T. 36, nr 4

259-265

PL

W artykule opisano problemy związane z badaniem dokładności map izopletowych oraz przedstawiono źródła błędów na takich mapach.

EN

The isopleth method is rarely used as a presentation method in cartography. There are several reasons for that. One of the main causes is cartographers' distrust towards isopleths, which bases on opinions of many cartographic authorities (Eckert, Imhof, Salishchev). The main dilemma is whether it is possible to represent discontinuous phenomena with isolines. The fact that this method is highly labor-consuming also limited its popularity. Furthermore, there are no clear, acknowledged criteria for preparation of isopleth maps. In order to establish how isopleth maps should be prepared one has to determine a universal tool for their evaluation. Volumetric criterion proposed by J.Moscibroda (1999) seems to be the optimal solution. In short, it preserves unity of a statistic volume of an isopleth map with the volume of continuous choropleth. Application of a criterion of behavior of phenomenon's statistical volume helps to trace down the sources of errors, which appear on traditional isopleth maps. The research made it possible to determine three basic factors which cause errors to appear. They are: the type of basic space units, location and number of reference points and the method of interpolation. Knowing the origin of errors and being able to evaluate them on isopleth maps provides a basis for research on how to improve the methods of their elaboration.