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EN
The paper presents measurements results of acoustic investigations of a helicopter rotor model. Its aim was to provide the data analysis allowing for identification of noise sources and propose solutions for noise reduction. The data were obtained during test sessions using a free-field measurement system. The researches were conducted inside an aeroacoustic anechoic chamber at the Institute of Turbomachinery, Lodz University of Technology. Keywords: aeroacoustics, rotor, noise analysis, measurements
PL
Artykuł przedstawia wyniki pomiarów akustycznych modelu wirnika helikoptera. Celem jest przedstawienie ich analizy pozwalającą na identyfikacje źródeł hałasu i propozycję rozwiązania problemu jego redukcji. Dane zostały uzyskane podczas sesji pomiarowych w polu swobodnym. Badania przeprowadzono w aeroakustycznej komorze bezechowej w Instytucie Maszyn Przepływowych Politechniki Łódzkiej.
EN
The presented investigations are continuation of earlier researches performed in the Institute of Turbomachinery (Lodz University of Technology, Poland). The main aim of this paper is to investigate the acoustics properties of the chosen configuration of a flow set–up consisting of two coaxial counter–rotating rotors. Description and analysis of measurements are presented. As a consequence, conclusions about possibility of noise reduction of such a system are presented. According to the EU Directives, the main areas of application are multi–purpose helicopters with two coaxial counter–rotating rotors, drones and future passenger–aircrafts with next–generation aeroengines.
EN
The presented investigations were conducted on a modified impulse two-stage low-pressure model turbine with low-aspect ratio of airfoils. Real impulse turbine geometry has been used for both stages to investigate flow problems. A new supply system maintained very stable conditions at the inlet and flow-calming mesh-wiring and acoustic adaptation were built. These improvements allowed identification of different flow effects. A new measurement system was tested for investigations of influence of phenomena related, among others, to unsteady flow structures connected to vane indexing. It is of key importance for the turbine efficiency measurement.
PL
Przedstawione badania zostały przeprowadzone na zmodyfikowanym stanowisku badawczym niskociśnieniowej dwustopniowej turbiny akcyjnej o małej rozpiętości łopatek. Przy projektowaniu geometrii turbiny do badań zagadnień przepływowych oparto się na geometrii rzeczywistej turbiny. Nowy system zasilania zapewnił bardzo stabilne warunki na wlocie, dodatkowo wstawiono siatki uspokajające oraz adaptację akustyczną. Ulepszenia te zapewniły identyfikację różnych efektów przepływowych. Przetestowano nowy system pomiarowy na potrzeby badań wpływu zjawisk związanych, między innymi, ze strukturami niestacjonarnymi powiązanymi ze zmianą położenia kierownic. Jest to kluczowe zagadnienie z punktu widzenia pomiarów sprawności turbiny.
4
Content available remote Wind Turbine as a Potential Energy Source for Households : Lodz Region Case
EN
The aim of this paper is to provide basic information for potential wind energy investors, especially on Polish territory and presents the process of wind turbine selection on the example of determined user profile. The data included all the important areas of investment: background, market, global situation to local one, legal aspects, financing, and practical ways, as well as determination methods. Moreover, the considerations of profitability of the investment in wind turbines were carried out, and analysis performed. Intention is to provide the guideline to the potential investor.
PL
Celem artykułu pracy jest przedstawienie podstawowych informacji dla potencjalnego inwestora, w szczególności na terytorium Polski i ukazanie procesu wyboru turbiny wiatrowej na przykładzie określonego profilu użytkownika. Dane obejmują wszystkie ważne obszary inwestycji: rynek, sytuację ogólną I lokalną, aspekty legalności, finansowanie oraz praktyczne zastosowania, jak również metody określania. Dodatkowo rozważono opłacalność inwestycji w turbiny wiatrowe i przeprowadzono jej analizę. Intencją pracy jest ukazanie przewodnika dla potencjalnego inwestora.
5
Content available remote Vane bowing and clocking technique influence on two-stage turbine performance
EN
This paper describes the experimental investigations of the clocking effects on the turbine performance characteristics. The turbine was equipped with rake temperature and pressure probes and fast response miniature pressure sensors and surface-mounted hot film sensors. To understand better an interaction mechanism and show how some flow effects can be successfully employed in estimation and correlation of stage losses, quasi-three-dimensional simulations of the airfoil clocking have been performed. Time-averaged and unsteady data including performance of particular blade/vane rows are presented and used to minimize the stage loss production due to upstream flow conditions. The results show a turbine total efficiency variation from 0.1% to 0.5%. The experiments have shown that the clocking effect seems to be mainly related to the low momentum flow region, which should be introduced into a leading edge region of the downstream vane/blade row, where the fluid momentum will be already low. Primary loss production in the blade row will be a function of the geometry and inlet time mean flow conditions and the distribution along the circumferential direction.
EN
In order to obtain better performances and reduction of noise emitted by modern turbomachines, the understanding of an influence of different geometry is essential. The experimental work presented in the paper is a continuation of earlier studies on effects of different geometry configurations. Till now only the stator-to-stator indexing (clocking) effect was considered. Nowadays main attention is directed to rotor-to-rotor clocking. A turbine with two identical stages was investigated. New geometry has been used. Special attention was drawn to noise emitted by the turbine due to the vane-to-vane and blade-to-blade clocking influences. It has been correlated to the overall performance (torque) of the turbine of new design and additional comparison has been done to the vane-to-vane indexing benefit. All results have been compared to the classical design positions of stators and rotors. The measurements presented in this paper have been performed at the nominal speed and at one off-design rotational speed of the machine. The rotor-to-rotor indexing turned out to be more advantageous than the stator-to-stator clocking and only a slight change in the rotor position is needed to yield higher efficiency. Similar influence has been observed for the emitted noise level. All measurements have been performed inside especially designed anechoic room.
EN
Detailed experimental investigations were conducted of flow structures in a model two-stage low-pressure turbine. The objective of this study was to gain more insight into phenomena affecting flow behaviour due to the indexing airfoils in multi-stage machines. To investigate the effect of the vane clocking on turbine efficiency an analysis of the experimental results throughout the flow field for different circumferential positions of the first stator was performed. Detailed flow pictures were measured for all measuring planes according to the radial and circumferential inter-row traversing. Aerodynamic measurements were compared to the turbine nominal speed and design clocking position of the two stators. Herein, some steady and unsteady flow measurement results, and the external characteristics for different circumferential positions of the stator vanes are described. The experimental investigations presented in this paper were carried out since mid-nineties [1] on a 2-stage turbine research facility TM-3 at the Institute of Turbomachinery of Technical University of Lodz.
EN
The objective of the presented test program was to investigate flow effects influence on the performance, noise and vibration levels of a two-stage low-pressure turbine. Measurement results for different circumferential positions of the turbine vanes are described to determine how noise and vibration could be affected by airfoil indexing and flow condition changes. Two cases are presented: for nominal rotational speed of the machine and for off-design turbine conditions (highly-loaded turbine case). Results showed some possibilities of a future turbomachinery performance and reliability improvement. In addition, another way to reduce noise emitted by a turbomachine and to lower vibration level is demonstrated. The investigations have been carried out at the Institute of Turbomachinery (Instytut Maszyn Przepływowych, IMP), Technical University of Lodz, Poland.
PL
Określono rozkłady ciśnienia na profilach kierownic turbiny. Rozbieżności, jakie pojawiły się pomiędzy wcześniejszym modelowaniem numerycznym oraz danymi eksperymentalnymi [1], sprawiły, ze szczególną uwagę przywiązano do uzyskania bardzo stabilnej pracy maszyny oraz niezmienności wartości parametrów bezpośrednio przed wlotem do turbiny [2]. W pracy skupiono się głownie na szczegółowych rozkładach ciśnień na profilach dla dwóch prędkości obrotowych turbiny. Wpływ struktur przepływu przebadano zmieniając wzajemne położenia wieńców łopatek. Wyniki uzyskanych pomiarów porównano z obliczeniami numerycznymi przeprowadzonymi przy użyciu programu CFX TascFlow. Zarówno dane uzyskane z eksperymentu, jak i modelowania numerycznego, wykazały wpływ omawianych zmian parametrów pracy (prędkości obrotowej) oraz geometrii maszyny (zmiana wzajemnego położenia pierwszej kierownicy względem drugiej) w stosunku do założonych parametrów projektowych [3]. Uzyskana bardzo dobra zgodność obydwóch metod badawczych stanowi podstawę do dalszego modelowania przepływu w maszynie celem polepszenia jej wydajności. Rozbieżności zauważono przede wszystkim w obszarach bliskich ściankom ograniczającym kanał przepływowy (piasta i korpus maszyny) dla przypadku znacznie odbiegającego od projektowych warunków nominalnych.
10
Content available remote Vibro-Acoustic Variations Due to the Clocking Effect in a Two-Stage Turbine
EN
The objective of the presented test program was to investigate vaneindexing effect influence on the performance, noise and vibration of a two-stage turbine. Some measurement results for different circumferential positions of the vanes are described to determine how noise and vibration could be affected by airfoil indexing. Two cases are presented: for nominal rotational speed and for off-design turbine conditions. The investigations have been carried out at the Institute of Turbomachinery (Technical University of Lodz, Poland).
11
Content available remote Static Pressure Variations on a Turbine Vane Due to the Clocking Effect
EN
The objective of the presented test program was to investigate vane clocking effect influence on the performance of a two-stage model turbine at the Institute of Turbomachinery of the Technical University of Lodz, Poland. Keeping the inlet conditions strictly constant during the tests, two turbine stages were investigated. Herein, some flow measurement results and the machine performance for two indexing positions are described. Comparisons were made with numerical simulation for nominal rotational speed and for off-design turbine conditions.
EN
The objective of the paper is to present preliminary experimental characteristics of the new anechoic room especially built to investigate turbomachinery aeroacoustic noise. The design parameters of the facility were planned in cooperation with the Centre d'Acoustique of the Ecole Centrale de Lyon (France). The acoustic field inside the empty room was measured and its characteristics were compared with the ISO standards. All the experimental investigations have been carried out at the Institute of Turbomachinery of the Technical University of Lodz, Poland.
13
Content available remote Efficiency Variations Due to the Vane Indexing in a Two-Stage Turbine
EN
The objective of this study was to gain more insight into phenomena affecting flow behaviour due to the indexing airfoil effects in multi-stage machines. To investigate the effect of the vane clocking on axial turbine efficiency and performance, an analysis of the experimental results of the steady and unsteady flow measurements throughout the flow field for different circumferential positions of the first stator has been performed. Aerodynamic measurements were compared to the turbine design speed and to the classical clocking position of the two stators [1].
14
Content available remote Badania rozkładu ciśnienia w szczelinie nad wirnikiem turbiny modelowej
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań zmiennego w czasie ciśnienia w szczelinie nad wirującym kołem łopatkowym turbiny modelowej. Badania wykonano przy pomocy miniaturowego przetwornika ciśnienia. Pomiary wykonano stosując metodę próbkowania warunkowego, umożliwiło to określenie składowych okresowych i losowych sygnału, co ma duże znaczenie dla identyfikacji przepływu w wirującym kanale.
EN
Fast response pressure probe and system to investigation unsteady pressure distributions in the tip region of a axial turbine rotor has been developed and tested. The use of miniature pressure transducers placed in the probe showed that the probe have become an important tool for determining periodic and random component of the unsteady pressure inside the tip region of turbo-machine rotor channels.
15
Content available remote Dokładność pomiaru trójwymiarowego pola prędkości sondą kulową
PL
W pracy przedstawiono propozycje modyfikacji metody identyfikacji trójwymiarowego pola prędkości przy użyciu klasycznej kulowej sondy pięciootworkowej. Wykazano, że poprzez zastosowanie dwuetapowej metody wzorcowania znacząco poprawiono dokładność późniejszych pomiarów z jej użyciem.
EN
Suggestion of improvement of the method for 3D flow identification using classical five-hole probe is presented. Application of the two-step method during calibration process significantly improved accuracy of later measurements.
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