Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Sądownictwo wojskowe w Polsce Ludowej w latach 1943-1955

Kmiecik T.

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2016

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Nr 3

99--117

PL

Organizatorzy Wojska Polskiego w ZSRR dostosowali Prawo karne procesowe do potrzeb jednostek polskich. Kodeks Karny Polskich Sił Zbrojnych w ZSRR wszedł w życie 7 lipca 1943 roku. Organizację sądu i prokuratury określono w Kodeksie Postępowania Karnego PSZ w ZSRR 26 listopada 1943 roku. Powołano prokuratorów i utworzono sądy polowe, które wydawały wyroki w imieniu państwa polskiego. Dokumenty ujmujące w sposób kompleksowy normy prawne PSZ w ZSRR uchwalono w kwietniu 1944 roku. Były nimi: Wojskowy Kodeks Karny, Kodeks Postępowania Karnego oraz Prawo o ustroju Sądów i Prokuratury Wojskowej w ZSRR. Sądownictwo i prokuratura wojskowa stały się od 1944 roku w Polsce elementem pań- stwowej machiny terroru. Wśród organów przemocy wiodącą rolę wyznaczono Ministerstwu Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Głównemu Zarządowi Informacji Wojskowej. Wojskowe sądy i prokuratura dopełniały procesowych formalności, legitymując często bezprawie.

EN

The formation of the Polish Army in the Soviet Union in 1943, together with military jurisdiction, was an element of Joseph Stalin's strategy towards Poland. The people who organized the Polish Army in the USSR adjusted the law of criminal proceedings to the needs of Polish units. The Criminal Code of the Polish Armed Forces in the USSR entered into force on July 7, 1943. The way of organizing the courts and the prosecution was determined in the Code of Criminal Proceedings of the Polish Armed Forces in the USSR on November 26, 1943. Prosecutors were appointed and field courts were established, giving their judgments on behalf of the Polish State. Documents that included detailed legal standards regarding the Polish Armed Forces in the USSR were adopted in April 1944. They included: the Military Criminal Code, the Code of Criminal Proceedings and the Law on the System of Military Courts and Prosecution in the USSR, From 1944, military jurisdiction and prosecution became in Poland an element of a national machine of terror. The bodies that were given the leading roles in the system of violence were the Ministry of Public Security and the General Administration of Military Information. Military courts and prosecution took care of procedural formalities, often authorizing lawlessness.

2

Lotnictwo wojskowe w systemie obrony wybrzeża morskiego w latach 1945-1989

Kmiecik T.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2001

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nr 2(43)

205-219

EN

Presenting the Air Force in Polish coastal defence it has to be stated that this was a problem of interest at the end of 1944. The reborn shipyard industry and newly created administration and political centres at the Coast had to be protected against possible operations of Hitler's Luftwaffe that in spite of losing its air domination was still a threat for the front rears. The experiences gained in air defence at that time were used to develop Poland's future air defence plans. A turning point year for activities connected with air defence organisation (coast defence including) was the year 1949. Due to the Minister's of National Defence order an observation-report system was created basing on existing observation-report system basing on navy fighters aircraft and newly created systems of this kind in land forces and border defence forces. In the first half of the fifties, the earlier theoretical developments concerning coastal defence were implemented. The coastal defence problem, the air force participation in it in particular, contains many question marks. Therefore there is the need to undertake deep studies in order to work out a real concept. Representatives of the air force, air defence and navy should participate in these works.

3

Poglądy na użycie lotnictwa w latach 1956-1962

Kmiecik T.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2000

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nr 1(38)

261-275

EN

In the second half of the 1960s the development of opinions on the air force military operations and tactics was determined by establishing the Warsaw Pact and a fast development of rockets and missiles which disposed the air force of its monopoly in nuclear weapons’ carrying. The Air Force and Air Defence command was of the opinion that in a future war rocket weapons, the main means of carrying nuclear weapons, would support the strategic and long-range air force. It was assumed that large population centres, cities in particular, would be threatened most by nuclear attacks. The rocket weapon, however, was supposed to be complemented by operational air force to support the troops. The Commander of the Air Force and Air Defence of the Territory of the Country, Div. Gen, pilot Jan Frey-Bielecki defined finally the viewpoints on the possibilities and perspectives of the front air force use. He stated that the air force would still be the main means to destroy small and mobile objects as they have to be destroyed immediately after recognising. The bomb and fighters - assault air force suited these purposes best. The bomb air force was still treated as the main assault force of an air army and basic means of the front to carry nuclear bombs.

4

Kształtowanie się podstaw sztuki wojennej lotnictwa polskiego w latach 1945-1949

Kmiecik T.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1999

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nr 3(36)

146-160

EN

In the first post-war years, Polish air force war art used mainly the combat experiences of Russian Army air force in the Second World War. It was characteristic for Russian theoreticians, whose viewpoints inspired Polish strategies, to use the air forces, first of all, for joint operations with the land forces. Polish theoreticians were of the opinion that the only form of the air force actions, ena-bling them to reach an advantage in air, was to carry out offensive actions both over our territory and over the enemy country as well. It was believed that these actions should be conducted by all air force kinds. Col. Navigator, Józef Jungraw, a prominent Polish air force theoretician, stressed that the air force was an important part of the armed forces, capable of co-operating with the land forces, the navy and independent actions on the enemy country territory. Polish attempts of independent viewpoints on strategic and operational use of the air force finished in 1949 when, due to the Soviet Union dictatorship, a hasty unification of social - political life was started in Socialist countries.

5

Ewolucja sztuki wojennej lotnictwa polskiego w latach 1950-1955

Kmiecik T.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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1999

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nr 4(37)

224-236

EN

A successive development stage of Polish air force operational art includes the years of 1950-1955. In those times, the attempts to form our own viewpoints to use air force were finally abandoned and the Russian ones were adopted. The equipment of the Polish air force units influenced significantly the change of opinions in the air force operational art and tactics. The Polish Air Force Command started to work out the concept to use air force in the middle of 1951. It was stated that the task of the air force was to co-operate with all kinds of land forces and the navy. Effective use of the air force required concentrating its efforts on main directions, spreading of efforts was thought to be inadmissible. In offensive operations, the air force tasks included, like during the Second World War, three stages: preparing an air assault, assault air support and air force accompanying attacking forces. In the years 1954 and 1955, a different character of future war was noticed. Massive use of nuclear weapons was not forecast at that time. It was thought that using atomic arms would not change basic rules of armed fighting, armoured troops, artillery and air force would still decide of the advantage and only few atomic explosions would allow for a fast manoeuvre. The role of air force increased since the moment of nuclear weapon appeared because an aircraft was at that time capable of carrying ABC weapons on long distances. The troops’ ordinance in rockets and missiles in the 1950s caused the end of air force domination in carrying nuclear weapon on long distances.