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Jamming as a threat to navigation

Świerczyński S., Zwolan P., Rutkowska I.

Annual of Navigation

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2016

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No. 23

219--233

EN

The whole world is dependent on satellite systems as they are used in almost all fields of economic and social life, in transport, banking, industry, agriculture, etc. Thanks to the development of technology, most smartphones used everyday have been equipped with a built-in GNSS receiver, many cars with navigation systems and all vessels with GNSS receiver or a satellite compass for navigation. Systems working on similar frequencies can be used for jamming or spoofing satellite systems. Such purposeful system jamming can be damaging to users and society as a whole. This article includes a description of jamming and a presentation of one of possible receiver designs allowing for jamming signal detection. This receiver has been designed and built by the authors of the article.

PL

Systemy satelitarne uzależniły cały świat i są wykorzystywane niemal we wszystkich dziedzinach życia gospodarczego i społecznego, w transporcie, bankowości, przemyśle, rolnictwie itp. Rozwój technologii spowodował, że większość smartfonów, które używamy, ma wbudowany odbiornik GNSS, w wielu samochodach montowana jest nawigacja, a wszystkie jednostki pływające korzystają z odbiornika GNSS lub kompasu satelitarnego. Uzależnienie od systemów, które pracują na podobnych częstotliwościach, może być wykorzystane w celu zakłócenia (jamming) lub przejęcia kontroli (spoofing) nad systemami satelitarnymi. Takie celowe zakłócenia mogą być bardzo szkodliwe dla użytkowników (społeczeństwa). W artykule opisano zjawisko jammingu oraz przedstawiono jedno z rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych odbiornika umożliwiającego detekcję sygnału zakłócającego. Odbiornik ten został zaprojektowany oraz zbudowany przez autorów artykułu.

2

Mössbauer study of a tetrakis (pentafl uorophenyl) porphyrin iron (III) chloride in comparison with the fluorine unsubstituted analogue

Kaczmarzyk T., Dziedzic-Kocurek K., Rutkowska I., Dziliński K.

Nukleonika

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2015

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Vol. 60, No. 1

57--61

EN

Mössbauer investigations, in association with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, have been conducted for the molecular and electronic structures of iron (III) [tetrakis (pentafl uorophenyl)] porphyrin chloride [(F20TPP)Fe:Cl], as a Fe(III)-tetraphenylporphyrin complex containing chloride axial ligand and substituted hydrogen atoms by fl uorine ones in the four phenyl rings, in comparison with its fl uorine unsubstituted analogue [(TPP)Fe:Cl]. It was found that the parameters of Mössbauer spectra of both complexes are close to one another, and correspond to the high-spin state of Fe(III) ions, but they show the different temperature dependence and the quadrupole doublets in Mössbauer spectra show different asymmetry at low temperatures. Results of DFT calculations are analyzed in the light of catalytic activity of the halogenated complex.

3

Mössbauer spectroscopy of reduced forms of a Fe-tetraphenylporphyrine complex

Kaczmarzyk T., Rutkowska I., Dziliński K.

Nukleonika

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2015

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Vol. 60, No. 1

51--55

EN

Molecular and electronic structure changes during successive reduction of a Fe-tetraphenylporphyrin chloride [Fe(III)(TPP):Cl] complex are reported on the basis of Mössbauer spectroscopy and DFT calculations. It is established that the attachment of additional electrons to a neutral Fe(III)(TPP):Cl molecule leads to signifi cant shortening of Fe-N distances at the fi rst stage of the reduction Fe(III)(TPP):Cl →Fe(II)(TPP) and lengthening of these bonds at the second stage Fe(II)(TPP)→Fe(I)(TPP). Changes of other bond lengths of the porphyrin ring also appear but in less degree. Interaction of Fe(II) and Fe(I)(TPP) with tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent is considered. Electron configuration of Fe(II)(TPP) corresponds to intermediate-spin (S = 1) state and in the case of Fe(I)(TPP) low-spin state (S = ½) is observed. Electron density distribution in Fe(II)- and Fe(I)(TPP) complexes, in association with Mössbauer data, is analyzed. Good correlation between experimental and theoretical results was obtained.

4

Badania biomateriałów na bazie tytanu wytworzonych metodami metalurgii proszków

Deptuła P., Rutkowska I., Tomaszuk A.

Aktualne Problemy Biomechaniki

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2015

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z. 9

31--34

PL

Dużym problemem w implantologii są infekcje pooperacyjne. Infekcje w dużej mierze są wynikiem adhezji mikroorganizmów do powierzchni implantów oraz tworzeniem na ich powierzchniach biofilmu – kompleksu mikroorganizmów osadzonych na stałe do podłoża. W ostatnich latach wiele prac badawczych dotyczy wytworzenia biomateriałów o właściwościach antybakteryjnych. Próbuje się wytworzyć na powierzchni implantów powłoki, które zmniejszają zdolności adhezji oraz trwałego przyczepienia mikroorganizmów i rozwoju biofilmu. Celem pracy były badania strukturalne próbek na bazie tytanu z dodatkiem srebra, które miałyby właściwości antybakteryjne. Wyniki wskazują na możliwość tworzenia takich spieków metodami metalurgii proszków o jednorodnej strukturze i dobrych właściwościach biologicznych.

EN

The main problem in implantology are postsurgical infections. Infections are a result of the adhesion of microorganisms to the surface of the implant and the formation of biofilm on their surfaces - the complex of microorganisms attached to a solid substrate. In the last few years many research were directed to the preparation of biomaterials with antibacterial properties. Scientists are trying to produce the implant surface coatings that reduce the adhesion capacity and permanent attachment of microorganisms and biofilm development. The aim of this research work was to investigate the structural samples based on titanium with silver, which would have antibacterial properties. The results indicate the possibility of the formation of such sintered powder metallurgy methods of homogeneous structure and good biological properties.

5

Spectroscopic study of a bis(imidazole) (octaethylporphyrinato)iron(III) complex

Rutkowska I., Dziliński K., Kaczmarzyk T., Stanek J.

Nukleonika

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2013

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Vol. 58, No. 3

419--423

EN

Low-spin ferric octaethylporphyrinatoiron complex with two imidazole axial ligands [Fe(III)(OEP)(Im)2]+ has been investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and Mössbauer spectroscopies. It was found that the ground spin state corresponds to the electron configuration (dxy)2 (dxz, dyz)3 and planes of the imidazole axial ligands have a parallel mutual orientation. Ethyl groups bonded to pyrrole rings, as peripheral substituents, effect on the ground electron spin state of the complex studied and the relative orientation of the the imidazole axial ligands in a similar way like the phenyl substituents bonded to meso-carbon atoms of the porphyrin macrocycle. The temperature dependence of the Mössbauer spectra is discussed in terms of magnetic relaxation processes.

6

Electrochemical and Electrogravimetric Investigations of Prussian Blue on the Gold Electrode in the Presence of Tallium(I) Ions

Rutkowska I., Stroka J., Wrona P., Galus Z.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

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2004

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Vol. 78 / nr 5

711-721

EN

Electrode processes of Prussian Blue (PB), deposited on the gold electrode, have been investigated in potassium and thallium salts solutions, using electrogravimetric and cyclic voltammetric methods. It is shown, that both electrode processes of PB (reduction of PB to Everitt's salt and its oxidation to Berlin Yellow) undergo changes, when potassium ions are replaced by thallium(I) ones. In the presence of thallium, the formation of new redox system is observed, and Tl(I) acts as a counter-ion. The equilibrium constant of the reaction: K(I)PB + Tl(I) = Tl(I)PB + K(I) was estimated to be equal to K = (1.7_0.6)×104. At the same time almost 50% of the PB layer looses its electrochemical activity, whereas the remaining PB phase is electrochemically active. After transfer of the electrode to KNO3 solution, majority of inactivated layer recovers its previous activity. These findings are tentatively interpreted as a result of formation of two phases of PB with Tl(I): electrochemically active and inactive. Both phases are in equilibrium, and thallium ions could be replaced by potassium one. In the case of the Fe(CN) /63 4 electrode process (at more positive potentials), in the presence of Tl(I) irreversible deactivation occurs, since in KNO3 solution, no reactivation of the electrode process is observed.