Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Equivalent Carbon Dioxide Emission in Useful Energy Generation in the Heat-Generating Plant – Application of the Carbon Footprint Methodology

Chłopek Zdzisław, Lasocki Jakub, Melka Krzysztof, Szczepański Krystian

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2021

|

Vol. 22, nr 2

144--154

EN

The energy sector worldwide is a significant source of air pollutant emission. In Poland, the vast majority of heat and electricity is generated in coal-fired heat and power plants. There is a common belief that high greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector in Poland are mainly due to the technological processes involving the conversion of energy by burning fossil fuels. However, coal mining also causes a high environmental burden. This paper aimed to determine the carbon footprint of a typical hard coal-fired heating plant in Poland, taking into account mining of hard coal, its transport to the heating plant and useful energy generation in the heating plant. The investigation carried out allowed comparing the process steps and determining which of them is the dominant source of the greenhouse gas emissions. The obtained results show that hard coal mining and hard coal transport account for almost 65% and 5% of total equivalent carbon dioxide emission, respectively. Energy transformations in the heating plant account for 30% of total equivalent carbon dioxide emission, where approx. 29% is due to hard coal burning and 1% due to electricity consumption. The relative shares of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in total equivalent carbon dioxide emission account for approx. 91%, 4% and 5%, respectively.

2

Emisja gazów cieplarnianych (bez pary wodnej) w cyklu well-to-wheel paliw metanowych

Samson-Bręk Izabela, Matuszewska Anna, Rogulska Magdalena, Lasocki Jakub

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2020

|

T. 99, nr 8

1131--1137

PL

Dokonano analizy cyklu WtW paliw metanowych. Taka analiza pozwala na ocenę wpływu paliwa na środowisko w całym cyklu jego życia, począwszy od pozyskania surowców, poprzez wytwarzanie, magazynowanie, transport i dystrybucję, aż do zużycia w silniku pojazdu. Daje to rzetelną podstawę do porównania paliw metanowych z paliwami konwencjonalnymi. Przedstawiono i porównano podstawowe aspekty metodyki WtW i LCA. Wykazano, że w przypadku oceny wpływu na środowisko paliw silnikowych korzystniejsze jest zastosowanie podejścia WtW, które z zasady odnosi się do nośników energii w transporcie, w odróżnieniu od analizy LCA mającej charakter uniwersalny. Dokonano też przeglądu dotychczasowych publikacji traktujących o analizie WtW paliw metanowych i przedstawiono wybrane wyniki badań. Na tej podstawie jednoznacznie stwierdzono, że w porównaniu z benzyną i olejem napędowym zastosowanie paliw metanowych w pojazdach umożliwia ograniczenie emisji gazów cieplarnianych (GHG) w perspektywie całego cyklu życia paliwa. Jest to wyraźnie widoczne zwłaszcza w przypadku biogazu wytwarzanego z surowców odpadowych pochodzenia organicznego. Jednocześnie można zaobserwować pewne różnice, niekiedy znaczne, w wartościach emisji GHG wyznaczonej dla tych samych paliw przez różnych autorów. Z jednej strony nie ma to wpływu na pozytywną ocenę skutków zastosowania paliw metanowych w pojazdach, jednak z drugiej strony wskazuje na silną wrażliwość wyników badań prowadzonych metodą WtW na przyjęte założenia.

EN

The biofuels of various origin were compared for hazards of greenhouse gas emission according to the well-to-wheel and life cycle assessment methods with conventional natural gas, gasoline and gas oil of mineral origin. The biogas from methane fermentation of waste biomass was found the most advantageous in this respect.

3

The influence of driving pattern on pollutant emission and fuel consumption of hybrid electric vehicle

Lasocki Jakub, Gis Maciej

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 2

145--150

EN

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have an increasing presence in passenger transport segment. They have been designed to minimize energy consumption and pollutant emission. However, the actual performance of HEVs depends on the dynamic conditions in which they are used, and vehicle speed is one of the key factors. A lot of excess emission and fuel consumption can be attributed to rapid changes of vehicle speed, i.e. accelerations and decelerations. On the other hand, dynamic driving favours energy recovery during braking. This study examines the relationship between HEVs speed, pollutant emission and fuel consumption. The considerations were based on the results of testing vehicles in WLTC and NEDC driving cycles, performed on a chassis dynamometer. The test objects were two light-duty passenger vehicles, one with series-parallel, gasoline-electric hybrid system and the other, used as a reference, with conventional spark-ignition engine. Both vehicles had similar technical parameters and combustion engines supplied with gasoline. The driving cycles were divided into several parts according to the speed range. For each part, pollutant emission and fuel consumption were determined and appropriate values of selected parameters of driving pattern were calculated. Combining the results of empirical research and calculated parameters allowed to obtain characteristics. Their analysis provided valuable insight into the impact of driving pattern on actual emission and fuel consumption of HEV.

4

Inventory of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland using the COPERT 5 software

Bebkiewicz Katarzyna, Chłopek Zdzisław, Lasocki Jakub, Szczepański Krystian, Zimakowska-Laskowska Magdalena

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 3

150--154

EN

This article presents results of the inventory of pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland. To determine emission from motor vehicles in Poland COPERT 5 software was used for the first time. In addition, a comparison of the national emission from motor vehicles in 2016 and in 2015 was included. Pollutants harmful to health were considered primarily: carbon monoxide, organic compounds, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. Emission of substances contributing to the intensification of the greenhouse effect were also examined: carbon dioxide, ammonia and nitrous oxide. It was found that the relative increase in volume of emission of carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds is less than 10%, and nitrogen oxides and particulate matter less than 15%. The relative increase in carbon dioxide emission is approximately 14%, which corresponds to a relative increase in fuel consumption. The relative increase of volume of heavy metal emission is similar. The assessment of the energy emission factor (emission of pollution related to energy equal to used fuel) proves that - amongst pollutants harmful to health - for carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds there is a relative reduction by approximately 5% in 2016, and for nitrogen oxides and particulate matter - increase by approximately (3-4)%.

5

Impact of pollutant emission from motor vehicles on air quality in a city agglomeration

Chłopek Zdzisław, Lasocki Jakub, Strzałkowska Katarzyna, Zakrzewska Dagna

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 2

7--11

EN

In the large urban areas, in middle latitudes, as in case of Poland, the cause of poor air quality is immission: in winter particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5, in summer - ozone and nitrogen oxides (or nitrogen dioxide). In the whole country, road transport is significantly responsible for the emission of nitrogen oxides (30%), carbon monoxide (20%) and less for emission of particulate matter (a few percent). In the case of other pollutants, the emission of non-metallic organic compounds is less than 10% (including polycyclic organic compounds - just over 0.5%), and sulfur oxides - only 0.03%! To analyze impact of automotive industry on air quality, pollutant emission data from two stations in Krakow were selected. These stations are known for poor air quality - the stations are: Dietla Street - with a high level of traffic and Kurdwanów - place located far from traffic routes. It was found that other objects than automotive vehicles are the dominant source of dust. These are industrial sources and - above all - energy sources, especially individual heating installations. Particularly large dust pollution occurs in winter and it is not always in areas with intense traffic. There was a strong dependence between immission of pollutants and road traffic, however, this dependence is not dominant in assessing the risk of air quality in urban agglomerations.

6

Driving style analysis based on information from the vehicle's OBD system

Lasocki Jakub, Chłopek Zdzisław, Godlewski Tomasz

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 3

173--181

EN

The purpose of this study was to analyse the possibility of using information from the On Board Diagnostics (OBD) system of the vehicle to determine the characteristics of the driver's driving style. Available data from the OBD system were considered and the most useful ones were selected for further investigation. Selected zero-dimensional characteristics of vehicle velocity as well as characteristics of relative position of the accelerator pedal were proposed as criteria for the assessment of driving style. The tests were carried out in conditions of real road traffic using a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine. The car was equipped with a device for recording signals from the OBD system. The tests included two drivers traveling on routes in the urban and rural areas. The obtained results were used to analyse the driving style of both drivers separately in the considered traffic conditions. On this basis, conclusions on the suitability of information from the OBD system for the assessment of the driver's driving style were formulated.

7

Determination of pollutant emission of electric vehicle in real traffic conditions in Poland

Gis Maciej, Bednarski Mateusz, Lasocki Jakub

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 3

9--14

EN

Alternative drives have an increasing share in the global, European and Polish market. The city authorities support primarily the development of electromobility. Progress in these issues is also noticeable in Poland. The increasing number of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) requires increasing energy costs of the country. Therefore, it is necessary to increase energy production. This work estimates how large this energy surplus should be. For this purpose, it was necessary to determine the average energy consumption of an electric vehicle in real traffic conditions, and then to calculate the average energy demand for a selected number of vehicles. Obtained results were related to pollutant emission considered in the well-to-wheel perspective (including generation of electricity). In the article, the authors also referred to the minimum number of charging stations for electric vehicles on the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) in Poland. This is a necessary condition on which depends the use of BEV vehicles not only on the territory of cities, but also throughout the country.

8

Characteristics of pollutant emission from motor vehicles for the purposes of the Central Emission Database in Poland

Bebkiewicz Katarzyna, Chłopek Zdzisław, Lasocki Jakub, Szczepański Krystian, Zimakowska-Laskowska Magdalena

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 2

165--171

EN

Within the Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute the Central Emission Database is being established. The Database will cover the most important emission sectors from anthropogenic activities, including usage of motor vehicles. The intensity of emissions of individual pollutants is the input data to air pollution dispersion models. Based on calculations performed by the air pollution dispersion models concentration of pollutants dispersed in atmospheric air (pollution immission) is provided. The annual average immision for a selected place in Poland is a measure of the threat to environment. In order to determine the intensity of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles it is necessary to recognize the intensity of vehicle motion and the volume of emission of pollutants depending on the type of vehicle motion. The task presented in this article is to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles depending on the type of their motion. The mean value of vehicle speeds was used to characterize the type of vehicle motion. The emission of pollutants from vehicles is therefore characterized by the dependence of road emissions of pollutants on the average speed of vehicles. The characteristics were determined for cumulated categories of motor vehicles: passenger cars, light commercial vehicles as well as heavy duty trucks and buses. The results of the inventory of pollutant emissions from motor vehicles in Poland in 2016 were used to determine the characteristics of pollutant emissions.