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1
Content available The Influence of Parameters of Argon Purging Process Through Ladle on the Phenomena Occuring in the Area of Phase Distributions: Liquid Steal-Slag
Pieprzyca J., Merder T., Saternus M., Gryc K., Socha L.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2019
|
Vol. 64, iss. 2
653--658
EN
Purging the liquid steel with inert gases is a commonly used treatment in secondary metallurgy. The main purposes for which this method is used are: homogenization of liquid steel in the entire volume of the ladle, improvement of mixing conditions, acceleration of the absorption process of alloy additives and refining of liquid steel from non-metallic inclusions. The basic processing parameters of this treatment are: gas flow rate and the level of gas dispersion in liquid steel. The level of gas dispersion depends on the design and location of the porous plug in the ladle. Therefore, these parameters have a significant impact on the phenomena occurring in the contact zone of liquid steel with slag. Their improper selection may cause secondary contamination of the bath with exogenous inclusions from the slag, or air atmosphere due to discontinuity of the slag and exposure of the excessive surface of the liquid steel free surface. The article presents the results of modelling research of the effect of liquid steel purging with inert gases on phenomena occurring in this zone. The research was carried out using the physical (water) model of steel ladle. As a modelling liquid representing slag, paraffin oil was used, taking into account the conditions of similarity with particular reference to the kinematic viscosity. The results of the conducted research were presented in the form of visualization of phenomena occurring on the surface of the model liquid free surface in the form of photographs. The work is a part of a bigger study concerning modelling of ladle processes.
2
Content available Numerical Modelling of Metal Melt Refining Process in Ladle with Rotating Impeller and Breakwaters
Sviželová J., Tkadlečková M., Michalek K., Walek J., Saternus M., Pieprzyca J., Merder T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2019
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Vol. 64, iss. 2
659--664
EN
The paper describes research and development of aluminium melt refining technology in a ladle with rotating impeller and breakwaters using numerical modelling of a finite volume/element method. The theoretical aspects of refining technology are outlined. The design of the numerical model is described and discussed. The differences between real process conditions and numerical model limitations are mentioned. Based on the hypothesis and the results of numerical modelling, the most appropriate setting of the numerical model is recommended. Also, the possibilities of monitoring of degassing are explained. The results of numerical modelling allow to improve the refining technology of metal melts and to control the final quality under different boundary conditions, such as rotating speed, shape and position of rotating impeller, breakwaters and intensity of inert gas blowing through the impeller.
3
Content available Model map of the process of implementing a new platinum recovery technology from used car catalysts on the domestic market
Święcicka Z., Saternus M., Gajdzik B.
Zarządzanie Przedsiębiorstwem
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2018
|
Vol. 21, nr 4
15--21
EN
The development of industry as well as competition and globalization entail the necessity to use new technologies, which largely affect the competitive advantage of enterprises. Analysis of the implementation process of new or modified technology is difficult to conduct due to the cost of the process, its complexity and the rate of changes on the global market in the field of implemented technological innovations. The paper presents an example map of implementation and organization of platinum recovery from used car catalysts in Poland, taking into account the expectations of participants in various segments of the car recycling network. During the construction of the map, the technical parameters were also taken into consideration, apart from economic and technological parameters. The proposed map consisted of several stages: technology project, market research, technology preparation, acquiring entities that taking over the technology, launch of technology, and sale and distribution of the product. The individual stages have been characterized in the aspect of technology of platinum recovery from used car catalysts. The number of these stages, however, depends on the situation on the market of end-of-life vehicles and interested economic entities forming the structure of the platinum recovery network. The publication is the basis for further discussion on the creation of a platinum recovery network (missing in Poland) from car catalysts.
4
Content available Bioleaching of indium and tin from used LCD panels
Willner J., Fornalczyk A., Gajda B., Saternus M.
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
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2018
|
Vol. 54, iss. 3
639--645
EN
The demand for indium is increasing every year. This metal is mainly used as indium tin oxide (ITO) in the production of transparent conductive coatings for liquid crystal displays (LCD). This paper focuses on biohydrometallurgical methods used for the recovery of indium and tin from LCD sourced from spent mobile phones. Bioleaching experiments were carried out in two different leaching media: 9K medium and H2SO4 solution, using mixed, adapted bacteria Acidothiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidothiobacillus thiooxidans. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the potential and efficiency of indium and tin extraction in the presence of acidophilic microorganisms. Within 35 days, using 9K medium, 55.6% of indium was bioleached, whereas the chemical leaching resulted in a value of 3.4%. Leaching efficiency of tin was 90.2% on the 14th day of the experiment for the biological system (9K) and 93.4% on 21st day of control leaching.
5
Content available remote Badanie zjawisk rozpuszczania dyfuzyjnego stali reaktywnych w kąpieli cynkowej z dodatkiem bizmutu
Tatarek A., Saternus M.
Ochrona przed Korozją
|
2018
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nr 7
186--190
PL
Podczas cynkowania zanurzeniowego bizmut jest często stosowany jako dodatek stopowy do kąpieli. Pierwiastek ten wpływa na stabilizację procesu tworzenia powłoki ochronnej na stali i poprawia jej właściwości powierzchniowe. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań zjawisk rozpuszczania stali reaktywnych zawierających krzem w kąpieli cynkowej z dodatkiem 0,5% bizmutu. Zastosowanie warunków modelowych umożliwiło analizę przebiegu procesu rozpuszczania dyfuzyjnego na granicy rozdziału podłoże-kąpiel cynkowa i określenie roli bizmutu. Metodą Boltzmana-Matano wyznaczono wartości współczynnika dyfuzji żelaza w ciekłym cynku w funkcji jego stężenia, w temperaturze 450°C. W przypadku stosowania 0,5% dodatku bizmutu do kąpieli cynkowej można zaobserwować spadek szybkości rozpuszczania dyfuzyjnego podłoża stali reaktywnych. Stwierdzono zmniejszenie szybkości dyfuzji, co jest szczególnie widoczne dla stali sandelinowskiej z krytyczną zawartością 0,05% krzemu, w warstwie dyfuzyjnej powłoki w zakresie występowania fazy ζ.
EN
During hot-dip galvanizing process a bismuth is often applied as alloy addition to zinc bath. This element effects on stabilization of forming process of protective coating on steel and it improves surface properties of coating. The results of investigation of dissolution phenomena of silicon- containing reactive steels in zinc bath with 0,5% bismuth addition have been presented. Due to using the model conditions it is possible to analyse a diffusive dissolution process on the basis metal-zinc bath interface and it determines a bismuth role. The diffusion coefficient of iron dependent on its concentration in liquid zinc has been determined by the Boltzman-Matano method in the temperature of 450°C. Bismuth addition to the zinc bath produces more than twice decrease of dissolution rate of reactive steels. Diffusion rate decreases, that is best visible for Sandelin’s steel with critical silicon addition 0.05%, especially in ζ-phase range in diffusion layer of the coating.
6
Porównanie magnesów NdFeB z innymi magnesami trwałymi – produkcja i perspektywy
Saternus M., Łabuszewski M.
Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze
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2018
|
Vol. 85, nr 3
68--74
PL
W artykule krótko przedstawiono historię odkrywania poszczególnych magnesów stałych, takich jak Alnico, Sm-Co, ferryty i NdFeB oraz zmiany w ich kształtach. Podano krótką charakterystykę magnesów wraz z ich zastosowaniem. Największą uwagę skupiono na magnesach NdFeB. Dla nich przedstawiono schematycznie metody otrzymywania. Dla wspomnianych magnesów porównano wielkość ich produkcji w latach 1997-2015. Dla magnesów NdFeB przedstawiono także głównych producentów w latach 2012 i 2015. Przedstawiono perspektywy produkcji magnesów trwałych, głównie ferrytów i NdFeB w kolejnych latach oraz dostępność metali ziem rzadkich.
EN
The article briefly presents the history of discovering particular permanent magnets, such as Alnico, Sm-Co, ferrites and NdFeB, as well as changes in their shapes. A short characteristic of the magnets with their application is also included. The focus was put on NdFeB magnets. For them, the methods of obtaining have been schematically shown. For the mentioned magnets, the amount of production was compared in 1997-2015. The main producers of NdFeB magnets in 2012 and 2015 were also given. Perspectives for the production of permanent magnets, mainly ferrites and NdFeB in the following years, together with the availability of rare earth metals were presented.
7
Content available Role of Oxidizing Agents in Leaching Process of Electronic Waste
Lisińska M., Saternus M., Willner J., Fornalczyk A.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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2018
|
Vol. 63, iss. 2
969--974
EN
New technologies and the globalization of the electrical and electronic equipment market cause a continuous increase in the amount of electrical and electronic waste. They constitute one of the waste groups that grows the fastest in quantity. The development of the new generation of electrical and electronic devices is much faster than before. Recently attention has been concentrated on hydrometallurgical methods for the recovery of metals from electronic waste. In this article the role of an oxidizing agent, mainly ozone and hydrogen peroxide was presented in hydrometallurgical processes. Leaching process of printed circuits boards (PCBs) from used cell phones was conducted. The experiments were carried out in the presence of sulfuric acid and ozone as an oxidizing agent for various temperatures, acid concentration, ozone concentration. As a result, the concentrations of copper, zinc, iron and aluminum in the obtained solution were measured. The obtained results were compared to results obtained earlier in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent and discussed.
8
Content available Research of Leaching of the Printed Circuit Boards Coming from Waste Mobile Phones
Lisińska M., Saternus M., Willner J.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2018
|
Vol. 63, iss. 1
143--147
EN
The continuous changing technologies of electronic devices, mainly mobile phones cause that their life is shorten from year to year (even to 8-12 months); that is way there is a constantly increasing amount of generated waste. Such waste treatment to recover mainly copper and other base metals should be really profitable. The process of metals recovery could be done using different methods including pyro- and hydrometallurgical process. The paper describes the research of leaching process of Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) coming from waste mobile phones. As a leaching agent sulfuric acid was used with addition of hydrogen peroxides. Experiments were carried out for different temperature, acid concentration and addition of hydrogen peroxide. As a result the concentration of copper, zinc, iron and aluminium in the obtained solution was measured. The results were discussed.
9
Content available Physical Modelling of Degassing Process by Blowing of Inert Gas
Michalek K., Tkadlečková M., Socha L., Gryc K., Saternus M., Pieprzyca J., Merder T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2018
|
Vol. 63, iss. 2
987--992
EN
This paper deals with the possibilities of using physical modelling to study the degassing of metal melt during its treatment in the refining ladle. The method of inert gas blowing, so-called refining gas, presents the most common operational technology for the elimination of impurities from molten metal, e.g. for decreasing or removing the hydrogen content from liquid aluminium. This refining process presents the system of gas-liquid and its efficiency depends on the creation of fine bubbles with a high interphase surface, uniform distribution, long period of its effect in the melt, and mostly on the uniform arrangement of bubbles into the whole volume of the refining ladle. Physical modelling represents the basic method of modelling and it makes it possible to obtain information about the course of refining processes. On the basis of obtained results, it is possible to predict the behaviour of the real system during different changes in the process. The experimental part focuses on the evaluation of methodical laboratory experiments aimed at the proposal and testing of the developed methods of degassing during physical modelling. The results obtained on the basis of laboratory experiments realized on the specific physical model were discussed.
10
Content available Evaluation of Approaches of Numerical Modelling of Solidification of Continuously Cast Steel Billets
Tkadlečková M., Michalek K., Strouhalová M., Sviželová J., Saternus M., Pieprzyca J., Merder T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2018
|
Vol. 63, iss. 2
1003--1008
EN
The paper evaluates two approaches of numerical modelling of solidification of continuously cast steel billets by finite element method, namely by the numerical modelling under the Steady-State Thermal Conditions, and by the numerical modelling with the Traveling Boundary Conditions. In the paper, the 3D drawing of the geometry, the preparation of computational mesh, the definition of boundary conditions and also the definition of thermo-physical properties of materials in relation to the expected results are discussed. The effect of thermo-physical properties on the computation of central porosity in billet is also mentioned. In conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of two described approaches are listed and the direction of the next research in the prediction of temperature field in continuously cast billets is also outlined.
11
Content available Determination of RTD Curves for Aluminium Refining Process Conducted in Batch Reactor – Physical Modelling
Saternus M.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2018
|
Vol. 63, iss. 4
1909--1914
EN
It is really hard to determine the phenomena occurring during aluminum refining process using argon blowing through the liquid metal in industrial conditions. The solution of such problem is physical modelling. This kind of modelling gives possibility to determine the level of dispersion of the refining gas in liquid metal. Especially in steel metallurgy RTD (Residence Time Distribution) analysis and visualization process with some colour tracer, which can give extra information about time of mixing are very popularly used. Because the modelling research (especially visualization) is pictorial, the research was conducted to check if it is possible to estimate quantitatively impeller working effectiveness basing on determination of the RTD curves. The examined object was model of URO-200 batch refining reactor. The RTD curves was registered and discussed for three different impellers and four different variants of processing parameters (rotary impeller speed: 300-500 rpm, and gas flow rate: 15-20 l·min-1). Additionally, the process of mixing of the inert gas with water as a modelling agent was enabled to be observed due to introduction of colour tracer (KMnO4). Results obtained from both measuring methods were graphically presented, compared and shortly discussed.
12
Badania wpływu konstrukcji wirnika urządzenia do rafinacji okresowej aluminium na hydrodynamikę procesu
Saternus M., Szudy R., Róg M., Pieprzyca J., Merder T.
Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne Recykling
|
2017
|
R. 62, nr 4
9--15
PL
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań przeprowadzonych z wykorzystaniem modelu fizycznego reaktora do rafinacji okresowej aluminium metodą barbotażu. Skupiono się głównie na konstrukcji wirnika doprowadzającego gaz rafinujący do ciekłego metalu. Zaprojektowano dwa różne rodzaje wirników, które następnie zostały wydrukowane przy użyciu drukarki 3D. Konstrukcja wirnika oraz dobór odpowiednich parametrów procesowych, mają duży wpływ na pożądany, równomierny poziom dyspersji pęcherzyków gazowych w metalu. Badania przeprowadzono dla natężenia przepływu gazu od 10 do 30 dm3/min oraz prędkości obrotowej rotora od 240 do 400 obr./min. Na podstawie wyników testów wyznaczono krzywe RTD, umożliwiające określenie minimalnego czasu mieszania znacznika w cieczy modelowej dla obu testowanych wirników. Przeprowadzono również badania wizualizacji stopnia dyspersji pęcherzyków gazowych w objętości reaktora.
EN
Results of research conducted with the use of physical model of reactor applied for batch aluminium refining process by barbotage method were presented and discussed. The main focus was put on the construction of rotary impeller, which introduces the refining gas into the liquid metal. Two different rotary impellers were designed, which consequently were printed using 3D printer. The impeller construction and the choice of appropriate processing parameters influence greatly on the desirable uniform level of gas dispersion in the metal. The research was carried out for the flow rate of refining gas from 10 to 30 dm3/min and the rotary impeller speed from 240 to 400 rpm. Basing on the tests results the RTD curves were deter¬mined, which give the possibility to estimate the minimal time of mixing the tracer in the modelling liquid for both types of impellers. Additionally the research of visualization of the gas bubbles dispersion in the reactor volume was also conducted.
13
Content available remote Metale ziem rzadkich : otrzymywanie i odzysk z materiałów odpadowych
Saternus M., Willner J., Fornalczyk A., Lisińska M.
Przemysł Chemiczny
|
2017
|
T. 96, nr 7
1595--1599
PL
Metale ziem rzadkich zyskują coraz większe znaczenie we współczesnym świecie. Stosowane są do produkcji magnesów, laserów, szkła, luminoforów. Lampy LED, komputery czy telewizory to urządzenia, które bez tych metali nie mogłyby istnieć. Przedstawiono podstawowe zastosowanie metali ziem rzadkich. Podano ceny ich tlenków w latach 1995-2016 oraz wielkość ich produkcji. Przedstawiono metody produkcji tych metali z rud oraz ich alternatywne otrzymywanie poprzez recykling materiałów odpadowych, takich jak magnesy, fosfory czy akumulatory NiMH. W podsumowaniu podano prognozę zużycia metali ziem rzadkich.
EN
A review with 55 refs.
14
Content available Research and Development of the Solidification of Slab Ingots from Special Tool Steels
Tkadlečková M., Michalek K., Gryc K., Socha L., Jonšta P., Saternus M., Pieprzyca J., Merder T.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2017
|
Vol. 62, iss. 3
1453--1458
EN
The paper describes the research and development of casting and solidification of slab ingots from special tool steels by means of numerical modelling using the finite element method. The pre-processing, processing and post-processing phases of numerical modelling are outlined. Also, problems with determining the thermophysical properties of materials and heat transfer between the individual parts of the casting system are discussed. Based on the type of grade of tool steel, the risk of final porosity is predicted. The results allowed to improve the production technology of slab ingots, and also to verify the ratio, the chamfer and the external/ internal shape of the wall of the new designed slab ingots.
15
Content available Physical Modelling of Tundish Slag Entrainment under Various Technological Conditions
Michalek K., Gryc K., Socha L., Tkadlečková M., Saternus M., Pieprzyca J., Merder T., Pindor L.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2017
|
Vol. 62, iss. 3
1467--1471
EN
This paper deals with the issue of physical modelling of vortexes creation and tundish slag entrainment over the mouth of the nozzle into the individual casting strands. Proper physical model is equivalent to the operational continuous casting machine No. 2 in TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. Physical modelling methodology and simulated operational conditions are shortly described. Physical modelling was used for the evaluation of current conditions of steel casting at the application of different impact pads in the tundish. Further, laboratory measurement on the physical model aiming the determination of exact critical periods of vortexes creation and study of the slag entrainment as a consequence of changes in surface level during the tundish refilling to standard level were realised. The obtained results were analysed and discussed.
16
Content available remote Metody odzysku srebra z produktów ubocznych i wtórnych
Saternus M., Fornalczyk A., Willner J., Kania H.
Przemysł Chemiczny
|
2016
|
T. 95, nr 1
78--83
PL
Przedstawiono zastosowanie i produkcję srebra w latach 1990-2013 oraz metody jego otrzymywania z rud i produktów ubocznych z przeróbki rud ołowiu i miedzi. Srebro otrzymuje się także z materiałów odpadowych. Omówiono metody odzysku z odpadów galwanotechnicznych, jubilerskich, z przemysłu fotograficznego, szklarskiego, chemicznego, elektronicznego i elektrotechnicznego. Przedstawiono również możliwości zastosowania nanocząstek srebra oraz wykorzystania biotechnologii do odzysku srebra z odpadów.
EN
A review, with 43 refs.
17
Content available Thermal Balance of the Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Pump for Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Auto Catalysts
Gil S., Bialik W., Saternus M., Fornalczyk A.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2016
|
Vol. 61, iss. 1
253--256
EN
Every new car should be equipped with the catalyst, which limits the amount of harmful chemical compounds such as NOx, CH and CO emitted to the air. Auto catalyst consists of the ceramic or metallic carrier, on which is the layer with Platinum Group Metals playing catalytic role. There are many methods using for recovery those valuable metals from spent auto catalyst, however evry of those methods have some limitations. Proces described in the article is the modified method of metal collector, which used magnetohydrodynamic pump. Rotary electromagnetic field generates in the liquid metal rotary current, which as a consequence washing out the PGM metals from the ceramic carriers. Considering the possibilities of commercialization of the described method, the energy balance was made. From that balance the energetic efficiency of the unit was determined and the analysis of the temperature distribution was shown thermographycally.
18
Content available The Effect of Specific Conditions on Cu, Ni, Zn and Al Recovery from PCBS Waste Using Acidophilic Bacterial Strains
Mrážiková A., Kaduková J., Marcinčáková R., Velgosová O., Willner J., Fornalczyk A., Saternus M.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2016
|
Vol. 61, iss. 1
261--264
EN
The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of static, stirring and shaking conditions on copper, zinc, nickel and aluminium dissolution from printed circuit boards (PCBs) using the mixed acidophilic bacterial culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. The results revealed that static conditions were the most effective in zinc and aluminium dissolution. Zinc was removed almost completely under static conditions, whereas maximum of nickel dissolution was reached under the stirring conditions. The highest copper recovery (36%) was reached under stirring conditions. The shaking conditions appeared to be the least suitable. The relative importance of these systems for the bioleaching of copper and nickel decreased in the order: stirring, static conditions, shaking.
19
Content available Study of Tundish Slag Entrainment Using Physical Modelling
Michalek K., Gryc K., Socha L., Saternus M., Tkadlečková M., Pieprzyca J., Merder T., Pindor L.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2016
|
Vol. 61, iss. 1
257--260
EN
This paper deals with the possibilities of using physical modelling to study the slag entrainment in the tundish. A level of steel in the tundish is changing during sequential continuous casting. The most significant decrease in the steel level occurs when replacing ladles. It is generally known that if the height of steel level in the tundish drops below a certain critical level, it may generate vortexes over the nozzles and as a consequence entrainment of tundish slag into individual casting strands can occur. Thus, it is necessary to identify the critical level of steel for specific operational conditions. In this paper, the development of physical modelling methodology is described as well as physical model corresponding to operational continuous casting machine No. 2 in Třinecké železárny, a.s. The obtained results are discussed.
20
Content available Study of Solidification of Continuously Cast Steel Round Billets Using Numerical Modellin
Tkadleckova M., Válek L., Socha L., Saternus M., Pieprzyca J., Merder T., Michalek K., Kováč M.
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
|
2016
|
Vol. 61, iss. 1
221--226
EN
The paper is dedicated to the verification of solidification of continuously cast round steel billets using numerical modelling based on the finite element method. The aim of numerical modelling is to optimize the production of continuously cast steel billets of round format. The paper describes the pre-processing, processing and post-processing phases of numerical modelling. Also, the problems with determination of the thermodynamic properties of materials and the heat transfer between the individual parts of the casting system, including the definition of the heat losses along the casting strand in the primary and secondary cooling, were discussed. The first results of numerical simulation show the so-called thermal steady state of continuous casting. The temperature field, the metallurgical length and the thickness of the shell at the end of the mould were predicted. The further research will be concentrated on the prediction the risk of the cracks and the porosity based on the different boundary conditions.
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