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2 2023

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Comparative analysis of low power implementation for AES algorithm in ARTIX 7 FPGA & ASIC

Manoj G., Roopa Jayasingh J., Divya P. S., Saravanan K.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

2023

R. 99, nr 6

23--26

Encryption is a mandate in today’s information sharing based society. Various Algorithms have been proposed and used to implement encryption. The AES algorithm is one such encryption algorithm widely known for its faster encryption speeds and withstanding ability against cyberattacks. Its resilience comes from the fact that it can use 128 or 192- or 256-bit keys to encrypt 128, 192 or 256 bit plain text. The AES algorithm has been implemented in ASIC and FPGA to realize the best practices for the implementation of the algorithm for efficient usage. The power, area and timing analysis from both implementations have been compared to infer the best implementation strategy. The experimental results indicate that care has to be taken to reduce switching activity of signals which were observed to be the primary contributor of dynamic power consumption. Recommendations have been included to reduce signal switching power consumption during Logic BIST designs for the algorithm. The power analysis show that ASIC implementation of the AES algorithm would be much more beneficial in comparison to ARTIX 7 FPGA implementation.

Szyfrowanie jest obowiązkiem w dzisiejszym społeczeństwie opartym na wymianie informacji. Zaproponowano i wykorzystano różne algorytmy do implementacji szyfrowania. Algorytm AES jest jednym z takich algorytmów szyfrowania, powszechnie znanym z większej szybkości szyfrowania i odporności na cyberataki. Jego odporność wynika z faktu, że może używać kluczy 128-, 192- lub 256-bitowych do szyfrowania zwykłego tekstu 128, 192 lub 256-bitowego. Algorytm AES został zaimplementowany w ASIC i FPGA, aby zrealizować najlepsze praktyki implementacji algorytmu w celu efektywnego wykorzystania. Porównano analizę mocy, obszaru i czasu z obu wdrożeń, aby wywnioskować najlepszą strategię wdrożenia. Wyniki eksperymentów wskazują, że należy zwrócić uwagę na zmniejszenie aktywności przełączania sygnałów, które były głównymi sprawcami dynamicznego poboru mocy. Uwzględniono zalecenia dotyczące zmniejszenia poboru mocy przy przełączaniu sygnału podczas projektowania logiki BIST dla algorytmu. Analiza mocy wykazała, że implementacja ASIC algorytmu AES byłaby dużo bardziej korzystna w porównaniu z implementacją ARTIX 7 FPGA.

Effect of Surface Chemical Treatment of Himalayan Nettle and Investigation of Surface, Physical and Mechanical Characteristics in Treated Nettle Fibre

Deepa R., Kumaresan K., Saravanan K.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

2023

Vol. 68, iss. 2

571--578

The main focus of this work was the effect of chemical alkaline treatment on Himalayan nettle fibre extraction and the characterization analysis of surface-modified nettle fibre. Nettle fibre is an eco-friendly material naturally grown in the Himalayan hills of India, and it is replacing man-made fibres. The fibres are primarily bound to each other and, in turn, to the core of the plant with pectin, lignin, and gums, which begin to break down through fungal, bacterial, enzymes and chemical treatment action. The stem from the nettle plant is fibrous and has a high-quality fibre to develop nettle yarn, which is utilized to make clothes and handicrafts, mostly aimed at generating livelihood opportunities for the rural tribe’s people. This method of extraction is an effective chemical treatment for enhancing interfacial adhesion between nettle fibres and the epoxy, which is one of the significant challenges to their usage in textiles. In this paper, nettle fibres treated with chemicals such as 1% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 0.5% sodium sulphite (Na2SO3), 0.05% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 2% acetic acid (CH3COOH). The impact of bacterial and chemical treatments on nettle fibre and untreated nettle fibre was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, which is used to study the functional elements, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that there is a fibre breaking mechanism and cross-section of yarn twist formation, physical and mechanical characteristics were then determined for fibre tensile strength, fibre length, Young’s modulus, elongation break, fineness, and moisture content.