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Coal-plastic waste blendings. Experimental research and prediction of the thermal process

Kijo-Kleczkowska Agnieszka, Gnatowski Adam, Gajek Marcin, Krzywanski Jarosław, Szumera Magdalena, Knaś Krzysztof, Kwiatkowski Dariusz

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2024

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Vol. 45, no 2

117--128

EN

The topic of waste incineration/co-incineration is critical, given the increasingly stringent regulations on environmental aspects. The widespread use of polymeric materials generates significant waste, posing an ecological problem. Current regulations mandate a reduction in the landfilling of plastic waste, which should be replaced by recycling, with the possibility of exploiting the energy potential due to its high calorific value. The electricity generation in Poland is mainly based on coal, so using polymers as alternative fuels is an important research issue. The research results presented in this paper make it possible to compare the properties of selected waste plastics and coal and their behavior during thermal processes, considering the quality of the gases released. Based on the thermal analyses, a FuzzyTherm model was introduced based on one of the fuzzy logic methods, one of the main artificial intelligence modeling approaches. The model predicts the temperatures corresponding to endothermic and exothermic reactions. The model achieved good accuracy. The maximum relative error between measured and calculated data is lower than 11%. These aspects constitute an innovative element of this paper.

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Badania termiczne wierzby energetycznej

Kijo-Kleczkowska Agnieszka, Gnatowski Adam, Gajek Marcin, Szumera Magdalena

Rynek Energii

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2023

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Nr 2

60--66

PL

Z uwagi na ogólnoświatową sytuację energetyczną, a także coraz bardziej restrykcyjne regulacje prawne dotyczące ochrony środowiska i emisji zanieczyszczeń do atmosfery, niezwykle ważne jest coraz intensywniejsze wdrażanie odnawialnych źródeł energii (OZE). Istotnym staje się zatem ciągłe rozpoznawanie zachowania różnego rodzaju biomasy w procesach termicznych. W niniejszej pracy autorzy przedstawili analizę badań termicznych TG/DTG/DSC/EGA dla wierzby energetycznej (Salix viminalis L.).

EN

Due to the global energy situation and increasingly restrictive lega! regulations regarding environmental protectton andem1ss1on of pollutants to the atrnosphere, it is extremely important to implement renewable energy sources (RES) more and mare intensively. 1t is important to constantly recognize the behavior of vańous types of biomass in thennal processes. In th1s paper, the authors presented the thermal analysis TG/DTG/DSC/QMS for energy wi I low (Sal ix viminalis L.).

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Evaluation of properties of polymer-ceramic filaments modified with aluminosilicates for use in 3D printing

Twaróg Rafał, Sendor Michał, Rapacz-Kmita Alicja, Gajek Marcin, Marchewka Jakub, Stodolak-Zych Ewa

Composites Theory and Practice

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2023

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R. 23, nr 1

56--63

EN

A study was conducted on selected nanoclay fillers, i.e. montmorillonite (MMT) or halloysite (HNT) in polylactic acid (PLA) pellets for the manufacture of filaments for 3D printing. A 1-3 weight fraction of the filler was used. In order to compatibilize the nanofiller with the PLA, two methods were employed to facilitate dispersion of the nanoclay particles: using prewetting of the nanoclay in dichloromethane (DCM) and introducing a short-chain plasticizer (polyethylene glycol, PEG200) during the homogenization process. The effectiveness of filler dispersion was verified by performing thermal analysis, i.e. thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (DG/DSC), as well as by microscopic observations. The processability of the obtained nanocomposite filament was verified for the finished products manufactured from both of the materials by FDM printing. Mechanical strength and impact tests were conducted on the printed samples. The results showed that the prints made from the nanocomposite filaments have better tensile strength (by 25 and 10% for PLA/HNT and PLA/MMT, respectively) compared to prints made from the pure polymer filament.

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Surowiec ilasty stosowany w dawnych manufakturach fajansu w okolicy Opola

Wyszomirski Piotr, Gajek Marcin, Szydłak Tadeusz, Zawadzki Tomasz

Materiały Ceramiczne

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2021

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T. 73, nr 1

41--56

PL

W drugiej połowie XVIII w. i w pierwszej części XIX w. w okolicy Opola działały manufaktury fajansu w Prószkowie (Proskau) i Tułowicach (Tillowitz). Dostępne źródła historyczne sugerują, że wykorzystywały one surowiec ilasty jasnoszarej barwy, który wydobywano w niedaleko znajdującej się kopalni usytuowanej na gruntach ówczesnej wsi Rutki. Na tym terenie czynny jest obecnie duży kamieniołom bazaltu Rutki. W ostatnich latach – w trakcie prac związanych z rozbudową tego kamieniołomu - stwierdzono występowanie kopaliny ilastej w przypowierzchniowej części nadkładu złoża bazaltu. Kopalina ta reprezentuje dwie odmiany: jasnoszarą i czerwonobrunatną. W pierwszym przypadku jest to mułowiec piaszczysty, w drugim zaś – zwietrzelina bazaltowa. Mułowiec ten ma skład kaolinitowo-illitowy z dużą domieszką kwarcu. Surowiec tego typu – a zwłaszcza po zmniejszeniu zawartości kwarcu na drodze prostej operacji płukania – mógł być z powodzeniem stosowany do produkcji fajansu. Wskazuje na to m.in. jasna barwa kopaliny w stanie surowym i po wypaleniu, a także wyniki oznaczenia podstawowych, ceramicznych parametrów technologicznych. Z kolei zwietrzelina bazaltowa, stanowiąca kopalinę barwy czerwono-brunatnej, zawiera przede wszystkim minerały ilaste grupy smektytu, którym towarzyszą głównie takie minerały nieilaste jak kwarc i fazy żelaziste (wodorotlenki żelaza, hematyt). Znaczna zawartość Fe2O3, przekraczająca 12% mas., jest jedną z przyczyn intensywnie czerwonej barwy tej kopaliny po wypalaniu, a także dużej jej podatności na termiczne zagęszczenie. Wydaje się zatem prawdopodobnym, że tzw. „czarna porcelana śląska” produkowana – obok fajansu – w Tułowicach w latach 1842-1857 była wytwarzana z udziałem występującej w Rutkach zwietrzeliny bazaltowej. Produkt ten – stanowiący rodzaj kamionki – charakteryzował się bowiem czerwonym czerepem, który był pokrywany czarnym szkliwem.

EN

In the second half of the 18th century and in the first half of the 19th century, faience factories had operated in the vicinity of Opole, in Prószków (previous German name: Proskau) and Tułowice (Tillowitz). The available historical sources suggest the usage of light-grey clay as ceramic raw material, which was mined in a nearby pit located on land belonging to then Rutki (Rautke) village. Currently, the large basalt quarry is operating in Rutki area. During the recent geological exploration and assessment works aiming to the expansion of the quarry, the clayey raw material was found in the subsurface part of the basalt overburden. This rock comprises two varieties: light grey, which is a sandy mudstone, and reddish-brown, which is a weathering crust of basalt. The sandy mudstone consists mainly of kaolinite and illite with a significant admixture of quartz. This type of clay raw material could be successfully used to produce the faience especially after reduction of quartz content with simple washing techniques. This is indicated, among others, by light colour of the clay in its raw state and after firing, as well as by the results of determinations of basic, ceramic technological parameters. On the other hand, the reddish-brown weathering crust of basalt contains mainly clay minerals of smectite group, which are accompanied by non-clay minerals: quartz and ferrous phases (Fe-hydroxides, hematite). Considerable Fe2O3 content, exceeding 12 wt.%, is one of the reasons for the intense red colour of this raw material after firing, as well as its high susceptibility to thermal compaction. Therefore, it seems likely that the so-called “Black Silesian Porcelain” produced – apart from faience – in the Tułowice Manufacture, in the years 1842-1857, was made of weathering crust of basalt extracted from the Rutki open pit. This “porcelain”, which is, in fact, a kind of stoneware, showed red body covered with black glaze.

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Multifunctional biodegradable polymer/clay nanocomposites with antibacterial properties in drug delivery systems

Rapacz-Kmita Alicja, Szaraniec Barbara, Mikołajczyk Maciej, Stodolak-Zych Ewa, Dzierzkowska Ewa, Gajek Marcin, Dudek Piotr

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2020

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Vol. 22, no. 2

83--92

EN

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of intercalation of gentamicin and neomycin in montmorillonite (MMT) nanofillers, as well as to study the in vitro antimicrobial properties of nanocomposite films containing a small amount of thus obtained nanofillers. Methods: The polylactide matrix (PLA) nanocomposite films with drug-intercalated montmorillonite fillers were obtained by casting after intercalation of drugs in aqueous solutions. The efficiency of intercalation has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Zeta potential measurements. The materials were studied for surface wettability, roughness and mechanical properties during 6 weeks of incubation in phosphate buffer saline, and their bactericidal activity was tested against Escherichia coli bacteria before and after 6 weeks of incubation in distilled water at 37 C. The presence of antibiotics during the incubation was monitored by conductivity and pH measurements. Results: The results indicate that nanocomposite polylactide films with montmorillonite filler intercalated with gentamicin and neomycin tend to degrade faster that their counterparts with non-intercalated fillers, which affects their mechanical properties. However, drug intercalation provided an antibacterial activity, which was confirmed by the presence of zones inhibiting the growth of Gram-negative bacteria for both antibiotics. It was also confirmed that the interaction of antibiotics with clay and polymer matrix did not adversely affect this bactericidal effect. Conclusions: Montmorillonite can be successfully intercalated with both gentamicin and neomycin, and then used as active filler for polylactide films having very good antibacterial properties, therefore their use in biomedical applications can be significantly expanded.