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1
Content available Microplastics from Plastic Waste as a Limitation of Sustainability of the Environment
Grąz Katarzyna, Generowicz Agnieszka, Kwaśny Justyna, Gronba-Chyła Anna, Kwaśnicki Paweł, Ciuła Józef, Łapiński Jacek, Bajdur Wioletta
Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
|
2023
|
Tom 25
367--373
EN
The massive emergence of plastics has contributed to their widespread use in everyday life. Unfortunately, the lack of appropriate technologies for processing these materials has contributed to environmental pollution by plastic particles. This study investigated the possibility of obtaining nanoparticles from selected plastics such as polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate. Polyethylene was obtained from plastic bag waste, and polyethylene terephthalate was from crushed plastic bottles of mineral water. The first stage of nanoparticle production was to grind the collected used plastic waste, i.e., plastic bags and plastic bottles, to the smallest possible size using a cutting mill. Next, the waste was ground in a planetary-ball mill and then homogenised in a homogeniser. The particle size distribution of the obtained particles for selected waste plastics was examined using the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method. The objective of the work was achieved – as a result of the performed procedures, nanoparticles of waste plastics were obtained. The following average sizes for particular materials were obtained: plastic bottles (PET) 212.81 nm, plastic bags (PE) 208.14 nm, and smaller particles, e.g. 27.74 nm.
2
Content available remote Wpływ procesu Fentona na wybrane parametry mikrobiologiczne i fizykochemiczne oczyszczanych ścieków z przemysłu drobiarskiego
Makara Agnieszka, Kowalski Zygmunt, Generowicz Agnieszka, Mala Marcin
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2023
|
T. 102, nr 9
934--939
PL
Przedstawiono wyniki badań oczyszczania ścieków z przemysłu drobiarskiego metodą pogłębionego utleniania w procesie Fentona. Reakcje Fentona prowadzano przy stałej dawce katalizatora i zmiennych dawkach utleniacza, przy stosunku masowym Fe²+:H₂O₂ w zakresie 1:2-1:10. Zastosowana metoda pozwoliła na znaczne zmniejszenie ogólnej liczby mikroorganizmów oraz wyeliminowanie obecności bakterii z grupy coli i Escherichia coli, enterokoków i pałeczek Salmonella we wszystkich oczyszczanych próbkach ścieków w całym zakresie stosowanych dawek nadtlenku wodoru (4-20 g/L). Parametry fizykochemiczne ścieków, takie jak ChZT, barwa i mętność zostały maksymalnie obniżone o odpowiednio 95%, 98% i 100%.
EN
Wastewater from the poultry industry was treated by advanced oxidn. in the Fenton process. A constant catalyst dose and variable oxidant doses were used, with the Fe²+: H₂O₂ mass ratio in the range of 1:2-1:10. The treatment allowed for a significant redn. in the total no. of microorganisms and eliminated the presence of coli form, Escherichia coli bacteria, enterococci and Salmonella bacilli in all treated wastewater samples, in the entire range of H₂O₂ doses (4-20 g/L). The detd. phys. chem. parameters such as COD, color and turbidity were maximally reduced by 95, 98, and 100% resp.
3
Content available Alternative method of making electrical connections in the 1st and 3rd generation modules as an effective way to improve module efficiency and reduce production costs
Kwaśnicki Paweł, Gronba-Chyła Anna, Generowicz Agnieszka, Ciuła Józef, Wiewiórska Iwona, Gaska Krzysztof
Archives of Thermodynamics
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2023
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Vol. 44, no 3
179--200
EN
In this work, we propose a new method for manufacturing busbars in photovoltaic modules for different solar cell generations, focusing on 1st and 3rd generations. The method is based on high-pressure spray coating using nanometric metallic powder. Our focus is primarily on optimizing conductive paths for applications involving conductive layers used in 3rd generation solar cells, such as quantum dot solar cell, dye-sensitized solar cell, and silicon-based solar cells on glass-glass architecture for buildingintegrated photovoltaic. The advantages of the proposed method include the possibility of reducing the material quantity in the conductive paths and creating various shapes on the surface, including bent substrates. This paper examines the influence of the proposed high-pressure spraying technique using metallic particles on the morphology of the resulting conductive paths, interface characteristics, and electrical parameters. Conductive paths were created on four different layers commonly used in photovoltaic systems, including transparent conductive oxide, Cu, Ti, and atomic layer deposition processed Al2O3. The use of high-pressure technology enables the production of conductive layers with strong adhesion to the substrate and precise control of the spatial parameters of conductive paths. Furthermore, the temperature recorded during the deposition process does not exceed 385 K, making this technique suitable for various types of substrates, including glass and silicon. Additionally, the produced layers exhibit low resistance, measuring less than 0.3 Ω. Finally, the mechanical resistance, as determined through tearing tests, as well as environmental and time stability, have been confirmed for the produced paths.
4
Content available remote Nanocząstki w wodach powierzchniowych
Grąz Katarzyna, Generowicz Agnieszka, Kwaśny Justyna
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2022
|
T. 101, nr 1
63--64
PL
Zwrócono uwagę na jeden z najpoważniejszych problemów zanieczyszczeń wód, a mianowicie na obecność zanieczyszczeń niedostrzegalnych gołym okiem, mikro- i nanocząstek plastików. Badania przeprowadzono z zastosowaniem technologii DLS. Technika ta wykorzystuje działanie wiązki laserowej i można za jej pomocą określić wielkość cząstek. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych pomiarów stwierdzono, że w wybranych wodach powierzchniowych znajdują się mikrocząstki plastików wielkości poniżej 500 nm, a zrzut ścieku oczyszczonego z oczyszczalni ścieków nie wpływa znacząco na ich wielkość.
EN
Water samples taken from the San River were detd. for the presence of plastic nanoparticles using the dynamic light scattering method. Samples taken directly from the river water and after pre-treatment with ultrasound and filtration were analyzed. The presence of particles with a size of 14-500 nm was found and the discharge of treated waste-water did not visibly affect their size.
5
Content available Efficiency Analysis of the Generation of Energy in a Biogas CHP System and its Management in a Waste Landfill – Case Study
Ciuła Józef, Generowicz Agnieszka, Gaska Krzysztof, Gronba-Chyła Anna
Journal of Ecological Engineering
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2022
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Vol. 23, nr 7
143--156
EN
As a waste neutralization facility, the landfill is a kind of bioreactor producing landfill gas or (LFG) - biogas, which should be captured and neutralised for environmental reasons. One of the ways of its utilisation is the combined production of heat and electrical energy in combined heat and power (CHP) cogeneration systems. For that purpose, the assessment of the energy efficiency of a cogeneration unit was undertaken in this work on the basis of the unit performance over the last 5 years. The analysis of the CHP system energy performance demonstrated that the ratios range at the lower limits for units up to 0.5 MW. The lower efficiency of fuel chemical conversion in the CHP plant (0.70) stems from the failure to use the rated thermal and electrical power fully (74.2%), which is caused by the insufficient stream of biogas collected from the landfill (161.46 m3∙h-1). The analysis of the generated energy usage, particularly in terms of heat, has shown a surplus which is not used and therefore is a loss. The proposed solutions in this area should optimize the use of heat generated from the renewable source, i.e. landfill biogas.
6
Content available remote New approach for calculation of recycling rates of municipal waste in the circular economy (CE)
Dorosz Aneta, Generowicz Agnieszka, Kultys Henryk
Architecture Civil Engineering Environment
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2021
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Vol. 14, no. 4
125--136
EN
In December 2020, new waste recycling targets were adopted for the functioning of municipal waste management systems, which are the result of the transformation of the Polish waste management system from a linear model into circular economy. Municipal waste management systems are very diverse, undergoing a constant evolution since 2013, i.e. since municipalities took over the management of the system, related to the collection, processing and disposal of waste, they must be effective, i.e. achieve the objectives of environmental policy. The assumptions of the European Union (EU) environmental policy, in particular new waste recycling rates set until 2035, determine the direction of development of waste management and at the same time the implementation of circular economy. The aim of the paper is to analyse the methods of calculating new recycling rates permitted by European law and to try to implement the methodology into national regulations. In addition, based on the available statistical data on the Polish municipal waste management system, the analysis was supplemented by simulation of solution enabling the achievement of high recycling levels in 2035.
7
Content available remote Skład jakościowy odpadów z czyszczenia ulic na przykładzie badań prowadzonych w Krakowie
Generowicz Agnieszka, Wassilkowska Anna, Kryłów Małgorzata
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2020
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T. 99, nr 9
1312--1314
PL
Metodą SEM/EDS określono skład jakościowy odpadów pochodzących z oczyszczania ulic Krakowa. Odpady analizowano pod kątem frakcji organicznej i mineralnej oraz metali ciężkich. Stwierdzono obecność Zn, Mg, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb i Cr.
EN
Street cleaning waste was analyzed for org. and mineral fractions and for heavy metals by SEM/EDS methods. The presence of Zn, Mg, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb and Cr was evidenced.
8
Content available remote Frakcja odpadów komunalnych poniżej 10 mm i możliwości jej wykorzystania w ceramicznych materiałach budowlanych
Gronba-Chyła Anna, Generowicz Agnieszka
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2020
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T. 99, nr 9
1318--1321
PL
Badano frakcję odpadów komunalnych o cząstkach poniżej 10 mm. Wykazuje ona zmienność w czasie i stanowi znaczny problem dla gospodarki w obiegu zamkniętym. Przeprowadzono analizy XRF WDX i XRD i na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że frakcja ta zawiera kwarc i glinokrzemiany, a jej jakość wskazuje na możliwości wykorzystania w ceramicznych materiałach budowlanych, co ograniczyłoby jej deponowanie na składowiskach odpadów.
EN
Municipal waste fraction below 10 mm was studied by X-ray diffraction and fluorescence methods to det. its oxide compn. and to discuss its applicability in prodn. of building ceramics.
9
Content available remote Analiza przepływów materiałowych jako narzędzie w wyborze kryteriów oceny wielokryterialnej różnych wariantów spalarni odpadów komunalnych
Generowicz Agnieszka, Kulczycka Joanna, Kowalski Zygmunt
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2020
|
T. 99, nr 3
481--484
PL
Porównano 4 spalarnie odpadów komunalnych pod względem ich oddziaływania na środowisko, stosując analizę przepływów materiałowych i analizę multikryterialną. Sporządzono bilanse materiałowe spalarni. Najkorzystniejsza okazała się spalarnia w Wuppertal (Niemcy).
EN
Four com. incinerators of municipal waste were compared in respect of their environmental impact. The material flow and multi-criterial anal. were used for the assessment. The material balances of the incinerator were performed. The most abantagenous was the incinerator from Wuppertal (Germany).
10
Content available remote Evaluation of the ecological effect of biodegradable waste processing in a comprehensive municipal waste management system
Generowicz Agnieszka
Architecture Civil Engineering Environment
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2020
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Vol. 13, no. 1
121--128
EN
Recycling of biodegradable waste is one of the trends in the recovery of organic matter together with its use for reclamation, but most importantly the reduction of biodegradable waste and the reduction of waste for disposal. The paper presents the use of the decision analysis method in the selection of the most advantageous organic recycling solution in a large agglomeration. The proposed method uses the tool of life cycle analysis (LCA) and decisional analysis.
11
Content available Impact of Street Sweeping and Washing on the PM10 and PM2.5 Concentrations in Cracow (Poland)
Kryłów Małgorzata, Generowicz Agnieszka
Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
|
2019
|
Tom 21, cz. 1
691--711
EN
Road traffic is one of the most important factors triggering an increase of suspended dust air pollution in urban areas, especially during the summer. This phenomenon is caused not only by emissions from vehicle combustion engines, but mainly by the formation of dust during road use (tire abrasion, and resuspension of accumulated dust). Sweeping and street washing are the main methods used to remove dust deposited on road surfaces. This article presents the effectiveness of the PM10 and PM2.5 reduction as a result of sweeping, and then intensive street washing in one of the most polluted cities in Europe (Cracow, Poland). The study was carried out in three locations: i) on one of the city’s busiest streets; ii) the industrial zone; and iii) at a residential area. The combination of intensive sweeping and roadway cleaning led to the reduction of the suspended dust concentration by 14-20.4% PM10 and 20.8%-33.3% for PM2.5. The greatest impact of this activity was observed in the area where the vehicle traffic was the main source of air pollution. In other places, the obtained effect was reduced by meteorological conditions or emissions from industry.
PL
Ruch drogowy jest jednym z najważniejszych czynników, który powoduje wzrost zanieczyszczenia powietrza zawieszonym pyłem na obszarach miejskich, zwłaszcza w okresie letnim. Zjawisko to jest spowodowane nie tylko przez emisje z silników spalinowych pojazdów, ale głównie przez tworzenie się pyłu w czasie użytkowania drogi (ścieranie opon i ponowne zawieszanie nagromadzonego pyłu). Zamiatanie i mycie ulic to główne metody usuwania kurzu leżącego na nawierzchniach dróg. W artykule przedstawiono skuteczność redukcji PM10 i PM2,5 w wyniku zamiatania, a następnie intensywnego mycia ulic w jednym z najbardziej zanieczyszczonych miast w Europie (Kraków, Polska). Badanie przeprowadzono w trzech lokalizacjach: i) na jednej z najbardziej ruchliwych ulic w mieście; ii) strefie przemysłowej; oraz iii) w dzielnicy mieszkalnej. Połączenie intensywnego zamiatania i mycia jezdni doprowadziło do zmniejszenia stężenia pyłu zawieszonego o 14-20,4% PM10 i 20,8-33,3% w przypadku PM2,5. Największy wpływ tej aktywności zaobserwowano na obszarze, gdzie ruch pojazdów był głównym źródłem zanieczyszczenia powietrza. W innych miejscach uzyskany efekt został zmniejszony przez warunki meteorologiczne lub emisje z zakładów przemysłowych.
12
Content available remote Budowa akumulatorów samochodów elektrycznych
Ślęzak Anna, Generowicz Agnieszka
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2019
|
T. 98, nr 12
1956--1957
PL
Omówiono akumulatory stosowane w samochodach z silnikiem spalinowym i akumulatory pojazdów elektrycznych (akumulatory trakcyjne).
EN
A review with 19 refs. of Li-ion battery construction used in electric vehicles and comparison with a traditional car batteries.
13
Content available remote Energy efficiency economics of conversion of biogas from the fermentation of sewage sludge to biomethane as a fuel for automotive vehicles
Ciuła Józef, Gaska Krzysztof, Iljuczonek Łukasz, Generowicz Agnieszka, Koval Viktor
Architecture Civil Engineering Environment
|
2019
|
Vol. 12, no. 2
131--140
EN
The paper presents the analysis of efficiency and energy economics potential applicability of biomethane as an alternative fuel for powering company owned motor vehicles and public transport vehicles produced by the conversion of surplus biogas generated in municipal sewage treatment plants. Biogas produced at municipal wastewater treatment plants in the process of anaerobic fermentation of sewage sludge is a source of renewable energy used for energy generation. Currently in Poland, the most commonly applied management method of biogas produced from sewage sludge involves the production of energy in a cogeneration system. Having in mind the condition of the natural environment, the search for alternative fuels for motor vehicles is underway. One of the types that can be used is biomethane, produced by the conversion of biogas produced in the fermentation process of organic wastes contained in sewage sludge. The biogas purified to contain about 95% of methane can be used in vehicles designed to burn gaseous fuel. In order to implement the conversion process of biogas to biomethane, it is necessary to work out a balance sheet of biogas produced at the sewage treatment plant, to study its chemical composition and to select the optimal technology to obtain high-energy gas fuel that meets required standards. In the course of the biogas conversion process, carbon dioxide is removed, which is regarded here as the so-called energy ballast. The technology used for powering motor vehicles by means of biomethane has been successfully implemented in many countries of the European Union. In view of environmental considerations, the proposed solution is generally supported because biomethane-powered engines have lower levels of emissions harmful to people and the environment.
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