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Spatial light modulator design and generation of structured electromagnetic waves using digital light processors

Yalcinkaya F., Koc T., Pala Z.

Optica Applicata

2022

Vol. 52, nr 3

461--479

Spatial light modulators (SLMs) are versatile devices used for optical studies. These instruments have a wide area of application in photonics. Additionally, SLMs have potential utility in different applications, such as biomedical applications, laser based surgery for precise cutting and as optical tweezers to separate cells in a petri container. However, the high cost of SLM devices prevents their widespread use in many areas, including industrial areas and scientific research laboratories. This paper demonstrates how to design a digital light processor (DLP) based low-cost SLM and describes how to obtain structured electromagnetic waves with the designed SLM. Therefore, this research was undertaken to design and produce a low-cost SLM device for optical applications. For this purpose, two prerequisites had to be fulfilled, the first was to use suitable components of a projection device with DLP-based digital micro-mirror device (DMD), and the second was to eliminate unnecessary SLM components from the system. Finally, holographic images reflected on the SLM screen were created by using Mathematica software program to change the amplitude and phase of the electromagnetic waves in order to obtain the structured electromagnetic waves.

X-ray diffraction study of distribution of macroscopic residual stresses in surface layers of bearing steel after grinding

Pala Z., Ganev N., Jersák J.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

2007

Vol. 28, nr 3-4

455-458

The focus of this contribution is analysis of the state of residual stress in surface layers of ground bearing steel of grade DIN 17210-86 (ĆSN 14 220). The influence of various coolants on macroscopic residual stress was investigated. Three forms of cooling were applied: dry grinding, liquid coolant and flow of cold air from a Ranque- Hilsch vortex tube. The surfaces of the samples were analysed by X- ray diffraction technique in six azimuths in order to acquire complete strain tensors. Since -vs.-sin y/ dependances in grinding direction are non-linear and exhibit psi splitting, the method proposed by Dólle and Hauk [1] was used to evaluate tensors of anisotropic trialxial state of residual stress. The effective penetration depth of CrKa X-ray radiation into ferrous materials for sin2 y/= 0,4 is approximately 4 um and therefore removal of surface layers is a necessity in order to pinpoint the distribution of residual stresses beneath the surface. The impact of material removal should cause minimal or neglecting mechanical and thermal distortions to the investigated state of stress. Electro-chemical polishing, which was used, is acknowledged as the most appropriate tool [2].