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Cooperation agreement as legal instrument stimulating hydrocarbon exploration and production in Poland

Stachera M.

AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas

2018

Vol. 35, no. 2

391--405

The oil and gas industry in Poland is burdened with relatively high investment risk. The main reason for this is the complex geology and relatively medium-sized resources that do not guarantee a return on an investment. The above factors have led to the necessity of sharing the risk to minimize the negative financial effect of the investment, which has resulted in the more and more frequent cooperation of several entities towards the realization of a specific project. The “shale revolution” has significantly contributed to the evolution of legal regulations in this area; i.e., the implementation of the act of June 9, 2011 – Geological and Mining Law (Journal of Laws of 2014, Item 1133). It introduces the concept of “cooperation agreement” for the purpose of the joint use of rights and execution of concession obligations in respect to the exploration and prospecting of hydrocarbon deposits as well as the extraction of hydrocarbons from deposits. In the article, the author intends to show that, contrary to the generally prevailing opinion, the new act of June 9, 2011 – Geological and Mining Law (Journal of Laws of 2011, No. 163, Item 981) was not only aimed at increasing state control over the activity in the field of exploration and production, but on the contrary – it was aimed at liberalizing the market and stimulating domestic and foreign entities to engage in exploration and production activities in Poland. The article presents a new and original approach in light of the interpretation of legal regulations based on which hydrocarbon exploration and production activities are carried out in Poland. The author uses the formal-dogmatic analysis method (otherwise known as the logical-linguistic analysis method) to clarify the archival, current, and abandoned legal acts pertaining to the macroeconomic environment. This method is well-known in law research.

Enhancement of Photoacidity by Formation of an Intramolecular Charge Transfer State with Twisted Conformation

Szczepanik B., Obara R., Rothe A., Weigel W., Rettig W., Stachera M., Rotkiewicz K.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

2008

Vol. 82, nr 4

807-829

The synthesis of a pair of biphenyls with a cyano acceptor and a hydroxy (methoxy) donor, which differ in the extent of steric hindrance to planarity, induced by ortho-methyl substituents with respect to the phenyl-phenyl bond is described. It is shown that dual fluorescence can be observed, ascribed to a mesomerically stabilized less polar intramolecular charge transfer (MICT) state of near planar geometry, and a more polar one, with strongly decoupled intramolecular CT resembling a TICT state. It possesses an enhanced dipole moment with respect to the MICT state, but considerably deviates from the perpendicular geometry as judged from the transition moments. This concept is used in conjunction with the excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) mechanism. The resulting photoacidity of the compound forming the enhanced ICT is an order of magnitude larger than for the MICT-compound. The mechanistic concept allows the construction of further compounds with still increased photoacidity.