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1
Content available remote Pomiar grubości metodą prądów wirowych
PL
Opisano propozycję realizacji skutecznej wiroprądowej metody pomiaru grubości cienkich blach i folii wykonanych z przewodzących materiałów nieferromagnetycznych. Wiroprądowa metoda pomiaru grubości jest interesującą alternatywą wtedy, gdy dostęp do badanej folii możliwy jest z jednej strony lub folia pokryta jest innym materiałem nieprzewodzącym. Proponowana metoda polega na automatycznym doborze częstotliwości prądu wymuszającego i oryginalnym procesie skalowania wykonywanym za pomocą wzorców.
EN
The paper deals with the idea how to efficiently measure thickness of thin sheets and foils made of electrically conductive nonferromagnetic materials. The measurement method based on application of eddy currents seems to be an interesting alternative when the examined foil or coating is accessible only from one side or the foil or coating is covered with another non-conductive material. The proposed method consists in automatic adjustment of frequency for the excitation current and in the original calibration process that can be carried out with use of patters.
2
Content available Modyfikacja metody skalowania konduktometru
EN
The paper presents an innovative and improved method for doubled calibration of an eddy-current conductometer. Implementation of the proposed method makes it possible to achieve independence of the instrument indications on surface condition of the examined parts. The calibrating function is determined on-line when the measurements are in progress on the basis of parameters that are assigned to the contact probe coil and calculated with use of general mathematic equations. The calculated correction parameter can be considered as a measure of the surface roughness. Application of the modification as described in this paper can contribute to efficiency improvement of operational examinations for components made of non-ferrous materials during their lifetime.
PL
Zaproponowano oryginalną, ulepszoną metodę podwójnego skalowania konduktometru wiroprądowego. Realizując tę metodę można uzyskać niezależność wskazań przyrządu od stanu powierzchni badanych elementów. Funkcja skalująca konduktometr jest wyznaczana dynamicznie w czasie trwania pomiaru na podstawie parametrów przypisanych eksperymentalnie sondzie-cewce stykowej oraz uniwersalnych równań matematycznych. Obliczona poprawka może być traktowana jako miara chropowatości powierzchni. Stosując opisaną modyfikację można znacznie usprawnić badania eksploatacyjne elementów wykonanych z metali nieżelaznych.
PL
Jeśli istnieje zależność między niektórymi parametrami materiałów a ich przewodnością elektryczną, to można, w sposób nieniszczący metodą prądów wirowych, mierzyć konduktywność materiału i wnioskować o szukanych własnościach materiału, ciągłości jego struktury czy niektórych wymiarach geometrycznych. Poważną wadą metod wiroprądowych jest wyraźny wpływ stanu powierzchni na wynik testu. Zaproponowano oryginalną metodę kompensacji chropowatości powierzchni badanych elementów na wynik pomiaru konduktywności. Prezentowaną metodę oparto na podwójnym procesie skalowania zestawu konduktometr – sonda pomiarowa. Porównano skuteczność proponowanej metody z metodą powszechnie stosowaną.
EN
As the relationship between some important parameters of materials and their electric conductivity really exists, it makes it possible to use the eddy current method to measure conductivity of material in a non-destructive manner and then infer about the desired properties of materials, their continuous or non-continuous structure or some geometrical parameters. However, the substantial impact of surface condition demonstrated by examined materials onto test results is a significant drawback of the eddy current method. This is why, a new and innovative method for compensation of material surface roughness onto results of conductance measurements is proposed. The presented method is based on the double calibration process applied to the measuring kit of the conductometer and the measuring probe.
EN
Purpose: Determination and description of essential phenomena that occur during examination of two-layer structures with use of the eddy-current method. Development of guidelines to establish procedures that make it possible to find out optimum frequencies of eddy currents, for which measurements of the outer film covering the examined structure exhibit best performance. Estimation of errors that occur when measurements of both geometrical and electrical parameters of the upper film within the two-layer structures are carried out simultaneously. Design/methodology/approach: During the design and scalling of the devices based on phenomenon of eddy currents implying changes of contact coil impedance components, significant influence of the electromagnetic field frequency on measurement results was observed. Additionally, some other phenomena can be observed which causes invalid interpretation of devices indications. Basing on a mathematical model of a contact coil located above a conductive non-ferromagnetic two-layer plate, the sensitivities to the measured parameters are determined. The developed mathematical model serves and the basis to calculate theoretical values of errors when all parameters of the outer film on the examined structure are measured simultaneously. Findings: Depending on specific applications, recommendations enabling proper choice of the electromagnetic field frequency are formulated. Practical implications: Describred phenomena and calculations are useful for the designers of the devices utilising the phenomenon of eddy currents, and also for the users of flaw detectors and conductometers. Remarks included in this paper can be useful for proper interpretation of the observed results and phenomena. Originality/value: Determination of impact coefficients that define how parameters of the two-layer structure are vulnerable to impedance components of the measuring contact coil.
EN
Purpose: To determine the optimal frequency of the electromagnetic field exciting eddy currents during the search for surface defects in non-ferromagnetic materials or at the time of conductivity measurements by means of eddy currents methods. Design/methodology/approach: On the grounds of a mathematical model of a contact coil located above a conductive non-ferromagnetic plate, the sensitivities to the measured parameters were designated. Furthermore, a new definition of eddy currents penetration depth was proposed. Findings: Recommendations facilitating proper selection of the electromagnetic field frequency were formulated, depending on specific applications. Practical implications: The discussed phenomena and calculations are useful not only to constructors of the devices utilising the phenomenon of eddy currents, but also to users of flaw detectors and conductometers. Originality/value: A modified definition of the actual penetration depth of eddy currents is proposed in the paper, which differs from the classical approach based on the 1/e level. The new definition may be very convenient and useful for operators utilising eddy current devices. The described sensitivity model facilitates setting up the devices for a specific task involved in a given process technology.
EN
Purpose: To determine optimal frequency of the electromagnetic field that raises eddy currents during the search for surface defects in non-ferromagnetic materials or conductivity measurements by means of eddy currents methods. The frequency choice takes into consideration sensitivity of measuring device, depth of the eddy currents penetration and elimination of undesirable phenomena that affects result of the exploration. Design/methodology/approach: During the design and scalling of the devices based on phenomenon of eddy currents implying changes of contact coil impedance components, significant influence of the electromagnetic field frequency on measurement results was observed. Additionally, some other phenomena can be observed which causes invalid interpretation of devices indications. Basing on a mathematical model of a contact coil located above a conductive non-ferromagnetic plate, the sensitivities to the measured parameters are determined. Furthermore, a novel definition of the eddy currents penetration depth is proposed. Findings: Depending on specific applications, recommendations enabling proper choice of the electromagnetic field frequency are formulated. Practical implications: Describred phenomena and calculations are useful for the designers of the devices utilising the phenomenon of eddy currents, and also for the users of flaw detectors and conductometers. Remarks included in this paper can be useful for proper interpretation of the observed results and phenomena. Originality/value: A modified definition of the actual penetration depth of eddy currents proposed in the paper differs from the classical approach based on the 1/e level. This definition may be especially convenient and useful for operators utilising eddy current devices. Described sensitivity model facilitates setting up the devices for a specific task involved in a different technological process.
PL
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) jest technologią przesyłu danych w pakietach o stałej długości. Technologia ta jest rezultatem 20 lat pracy nad techniką transmisji i komutacji. Stworzono ją dla szeropasmowego B-ISDN.
EN
ATM is a protocol that transmits data as fixed sized packets . This is the culmination of all the developments in switching and transmission of data in the last twenty years. It was designed to make Broadband-ISDN (B-ISDN) a reality.
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