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Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) residue limit exceeded in pig tissues after feed-borne exposure to maximum allowed concentration

Woźny M., Jakimiuk E., Brzuzan P., Florczyk M., Newiadowska A., Obremski K., Gajęcka M., Młynarczuk J., Gajęcki M.

Environmental Biotechnology

2015

Vol. 11, No. 1

1--9

Monitoring of undesirable substances by the European Union indicates a presence of natural and anthropogenic pollutants in animal feed that may be of concern for the producers, as well as the veterinary services. Although the literature concerning toxicity of DDT (an insecticide widely used in the past) is extensive, less attention has been focused on the biological properties of DDE and its interactions with other contaminants. This study reports on the concentration profile of p,p’-DDE and two other ogranochlorines (p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDD) in different tissues of immature gilts after 14, 28, and 42 days of oral exposure to p,p’-DDE alone (0.5mg·kg-1feed·day-1) and in mixture with naturally occurring mycotoxin zearalenone, ZEN (0.5+0.1mg·kg-1feed·day-1). The treatment resulted in a time-dependent accumulation of p,p’-DDE in fat-rich tissues. Although the pesticide’s concentration found in the adipose tissue exceeded the FAO/WHO maximum residue limit (5mg·kg-1 of fat), human dietary risk is little, as it requires a substantial consumption of such contaminated pork fat. Importantly, the high concentration of p,p’-DDE found in the adrenal glands suggests a threat to the animals’ health. Finally, a difference in the accumulation of p,p’-DDE was observed between the groups treated with this compound alone or in mixture with ZEN. This is most likely related to growth performance of the animals, altered by the endocrine disrupting activity of both compounds. Further research should evaluate the effects of p,p-DDE at the observed concentrations on the pigs’ health status and enable the studies of possible interactions with other environmental pollutants.

Assessment of mutagenic activity of methyl- and phenylphenanthrenes based on Salmonella test and micronucleus test

Rudnicka K., Tejs S., Budzikur K. A., Mielżyńska-Švach D., Jakimiuk E., Chachaj A., Góra M., Żelazna K., Łuczyński M. K.

Environmental Biotechnology

2013

Vol. 9, No. 2

65--71

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely spread environmental pollutants mainly originating from anthropogenic sources such as fossil fuel combustion, industries, and others. Although a large body of literature exists on the toxicity and carcinogenicity of PAHs, primarily benzo[a]pyrene, toxicity data for phenanthrene deriveratives are very limited. The main aim of the experiment was to investigate if there exists correlation between molecular structure and mutagenic activity of four phenanthrene derivatives: 1 methylphenanthrene, 4 methylphenanthrene, 1 phenylphenanthrene, and 4 phenylphenanthrene. An Ames assay using two strains of histidine dependent Salmonella Typhimurium (TA98 and TA100) was conducted to assess the mutagenic activity of studied compounds both in the presence (+S9) and in the absence (-S9) of an exogenous source of metabolic activation. The compounds were also tested in an in vitro chromosome aberration assay in which V-79 cells were exposed to the phenanthrene derivatives investigated both in the presence and in the absence of metabolic activation. The phenylphenanthrenes showed no mutagenic effect. These compounds occasionally induced significant decrease in the number of revertants in the Ames test. The greatest mutagenic effects were observed for 1 methylphenanthrene after metabolic activation (+S9). In the micronucleus test the greatest mutagenic effect was observed for 4 methylphenanthrene also in the presence of metabolic activation system. The results obtained are comparable to those reported earlier for the methylphenanthrenes.

Multi-mycotoxicosis

Gajęcki M., Zielonka Ł., Obremski K., Jakimiuk E., Gajęcka M.

Environmental Biotechnology

2007

Vol. 3, No. 1

25-29

Contamination of food and feeds with mycotoxins is a major problem of human and animal's health concern, and it is also extremely detrimental to economy. Mycotoxin-producing moulds may produce the most known mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin, trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisin. Although toxicological, environmental and epidemiological studies have addressed the problem of these toxins one by one, more than one mycotoxin is found usually in the same contaminated commodities. That raises the incommensurable problem of multi-mycotoxicosis in which the respective metabolites are also involved. These mycotoxins bear potential toxicity leading to acute and chronic effects in humans and animals, depending on species. The mechanisms that lead to toxic effects, such as immune toxicity and carcinogenicity, are complex. The risk assessment for humans potentially exposed to multi-mycotoxins suffers very much from the lack of adequate food consumption data. Furthermore, for a given mycotoxin additive, synergism and antagonism with other mycotoxins found in the same food commodities are usually not taken into account.