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1

Corrosion and thermal shock resistance of metal (Cu, Al) matrix composites reinforced by SiC particles

Strojny-Nędza A., Egizabal P., Pietrzak K., Zieliński R., Kaszyca K., Piątkowska A., Chmielewski M.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2020

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Vol. 68, nr 5

1227--1236

EN

This paper presents the results of studies concerning the production and characterization of Al-SiC/W and Cu-SiC/W composite materials with a 30% volume fraction of reinforcing phase particles as well as the influence of corrosion and thermal shocks on the properties of selected metal matrix composites. Spark plasma sintering method (SPS) was applied for the purpose of producing these materials. In order to avoid the decomposition of SiC surface, SiC powder was coated with a thin tungsten layer using plasma vapour deposition (PVD) method. The obtained results were analysed by the effect of the corrosion and thermal shocks on materials density, hardness, bending strength, tribological and thermal properties. Qualitative X-ray analysis and observation of microstructure of sample surfaces after corrosion tests and thermal shocks were also conducted. The use of PVD technique allows us to obtain an evenly distributed layer of titanium with a constant thickness of 1.5 µm. It was found that adverse environmental conditions and increased temperature result in a change in the material behaviour in wear tests.

2

Damage evolution in AA2124/SiC metal matrix composites under tension with consecutive unloadings

Rutecka A., Kursa M., Pietrzak K., Kowalczyk-Gajewska K., Makowska K., Wyszkowski M.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 4

560--577

EN

Nonlinear properties of metal matrix composites (MMCs) are studied. The research combines results of loading–unloading tensile tests, microstructural observations and numerical predictions by means of micromechanical mean-field models. AA2124/SiC metal matrix composites with SiC particles, produced by the Aerospace Metal Composites Ltd. (AMC) are investigated. The aluminum matrix is reinforced with 17% and 25% of SiC particles. The best conditions to evaluate the current elastic stiffness modulus have been assessed. Tensile tests were carried out with consecutive unloading loops to obtain actual tensile modulus and study degradation of elastic properties of the composites. The microstructure examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a variety of phenomena occurring during composite deformation and possible sources of elastic stiffness reduction and damage evolution have been indicated. Two micromechanical approaches, the incremental Mori–Tanaka (MT) and self-consistent (SC) schemes, are applied to estimate effective properties of the composites. The standard formulations are extended to take into account elasto-plasticity and damage development in the metal phase. The method of direct linearization performed for the tangent or secant stiffness moduli is formulated. Predictions of both approaches are compared with experimental results of tensile tests in the elastic–plastic regime. The question is addressed how to perform the micromechanical modelling if the actual stress–strain curve of metal matrix is unknown.

3

Mechanical Characteristics of Ductile Iron Determined in an Original Modified Low Cycle test

Maj M., Pietrzak K., Klasik A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2019

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iss. 4

27--32

EN

The results presented in this article are part of the research on fatigue life of various foundry alloys carried out in recent years in the Lukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Precision Mechanics and AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering. The article discusses the test results obtained for the EN-GJS-600-3 cast iron in an original modified low-cycle fatigue test (MLCF), which seems to be a beneficial research tool allowing its users to evaluate the mechanical properties of materials with microstructural heterogeneities under both static and dynamic loads. For a comprehensive analysis of the mechanical behaviour with a focus on fatigue life of alloys, an original modified low cycle fatigue method (MLCF) adapted to the actually available test machine was used. The results of metallographic examinations carried out by light microscopy were also presented. From the analysis of the results of the conducted mechanical tests and structural examinations it follows that the MLCF method is fully applicable in a quick and economically justified assessment of the quality of ductile iron after normalizing treatment.

4

Assessment of the traffic noise reduction when using tramway screening

Pietrzak K., Tokarski Z., Kowalski K. J.

Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty

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2018

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Vol. 17, no. 2

127--139

EN

The aim of the conducted research was to assess the effectiveness of the applied solutions for reducing traffic noise, using the tramline in Bydgoszcz (the largest new tramline in Poland in the last 25 years) as an example. The research of traffic noise was carried out during both the execution of the investment in 2014 and the assembly of noise barriers in 2015, as well as after launching tram traffic in 2016. Measurements of the intensity and type structure of road traffic were made. The results of on-site measurements were compared to the standard permissible values of traffic noise and also to guidelines about the scale of traffic noise nuisance, which were developed by the National Institute of Hygiene. The effectiveness of the used acoustic barriers and their impact on the acoustic comfort for users of the road environment, mainly residents of multi-family buildings, were verified. Based on the carried out measurements, a high efficiency of the applied acoustic barriers, which caused a reduction of sound level by approximately 10 dB(A) was proved.

PL

Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena efektywności zastosowanych rozwiązań ograniczenia hałasu komunikacyjnego na przykładzie linii tramwajowej w Bydgoszczy (największej nowobudowanej linii tramwajowej w Polsce w okresie ostatnich 25 lat). Badania hałasu komunikacyjnego wykonano w trakcie realizacji inwestycji w 2014 roku, podczas montażu ekranów w 2015 roku, a także po uruchomieniu ruchu tramwajowego w 2016 roku. Wykonano pomiary natężenia i struktury rodzajowej ruchu drogowego. Wyniki pomiarów terenowych odniesiono do normowych wartości dopuszczalnych hałasu komunikacyjnego, a także wytycznych dotyczących skali uciążliwości hałasu komunikacyjnego opracowanych przez Państwowy Zakład Higieny. Dokonano sprawdzenia skuteczności zastosowanych ekranów akustycznych i ich wpływu na komfort akustyczny użytkowników otoczenia drogi, głównie mieszkańców zabudowy wielorodzinnej. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych pomiarów stwierdzono wysoką skuteczność zastosowanych ekranów akustycznych, które spowodowały redukcję poziomu dźwięku o około 10 dB(A).

5

Ocena wpływu warunków atmosferycznych na poziom hałasu komunikacyjnego dla wybranej autostrady w Holandii

Pietrzak K., Tokarski Z.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2018

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Vol. 27, No. 3

319--327

PL

Istnieje wiele innowacyjnych nawierzchni autostrad. Jedną z nich jest nawierzchnia z asfaltu porowatego. Celem budowy tego typu nawierzchni jest pochłanianie w czasie eksploatacji wody opadowej oraz zmniejszenie hałaśliwości warstwy ścieralnej. Ocena skuteczności tych cech może być przeprowadzona różnymi metodami w tym metodą statystycznego przejazdu, CPX czy pomiaru hałasu ekwiwalentnego. W czasie eksploatacji ocenia się m.in. wpływ takich czynników jak wilgotność powietrza, wiatr czy natężenie i struktura ruchu drogowego przy uwzględnieniu okresu eksploatacji. W tym opracowaniu przedstawiono analizę wyników pomiarów i metody oceny wpływu wymienionych czynników, co może posłużyć do planowania rekonstrukcji warstwy ścieralnej z asfaltu porowatego.

EN

There are many innovative highway surfaces. One it is the surface from porous asphalt. The purpose of construction this pavements is to absorb rainwater and to reduce the noise of the wearing course. The evaluation of the effectiveness of these features can be carried out by various methods including statistical method, CPX, or equivalent noise measurement. During exploitation, the following is assessed: the impact of factors as air humidity, wind, or intensity and the structure of road traffi c during the period of exploitation. This study presents an analysis of measurement results and methods for assessing the impact of these factors, which can be used to plan the reconstruction of porous wearing course.

6

Analiza hałaśliwości innowacyjnej nawierzchni z asfaltu porowatego

Pietrzak K., Tokarski Z., Leenders H.

Materiały Budowlane

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2018

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nr 10

68--70

PL

W Programie Operacyjnym Inteligentny Rozwój (POIR) finansowane są działania kształtujące postawy innowacyjne w społeczeństwie oraz promujące partnerstwo międzysektorowe. W taką politykę doskonale wpisuje się jeden z aktualnie realizowanych przez firmę BAM INFRA z Holandii projektów dotyczących, zgodnie z Inteligentnymi Specjalizacjami, ochrony energii w budownictwie oraz wykorzystania w budownictwie materiałów z recyklingu. Projekt o nazwie LE2AP (Low Energy for Asphalt Pavement) umożliwia wprowadzenie nowoczesnych nawierzchni porowatych na holenderskie drogi. Pierwsze badania autorzy wykonali w 2017 r. na odcinkach doświadczalnych w miejscowościach Doesburg i Veghel. Uzyskane wyniki w pełni potwierdzają przydatność wykonanych badań do opracowania projektów pilotażowych zgodnych z Inteligentnymi Specjalizacjami Programu Operacyjnego Inteligentny Rozwój.

EN

Smart Growth Operational Program (SG OP) finances actions shaping innovative attitudes in society and promoting intersectoral partnership. This policy fits perfectly into one from currently implemented by BAM INFRA from the Netherlands projects related to, in line with Intelligent Specialties, energy protection in construction and the use of recycled materials in construction. The project called LE2AP (Low Energy for Asphalt Pavement) enablies to implement modern porous surfaces on Dutch roads. The first tests were performed by authors on experimental road sections in Doesburg and Veghel in 2017. The obtained results fully confirm the usefulness of the tests performed to develop pilot projects according to the Intelligent Specializations of the Smart Growth Operational Program.

7

Innowacyjna technologia niskoemisyjnej warstwy ścieralnej nawierzchni z asfaltu porowatego

Leenders H., Tokarski Z., Pietrzak K., Kujawski E.

Magazyn Autostrady

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2018

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Nr 1-2

58--59

PL

Przedstawiona technologia dotyczy przedsięwzięcia przeprowadzonego na terenie Holandii i obejmującego innowacyjny produkt, tj. mieszankę mineralno-asfaltową z asfaltu porowatego z dodatkiem ponad 90% materiału pozyskanego z recyklingu, oraz innowacyjne urządzenie i innowacyjny proces jej wytwarzania w temperaturze około 100°C.

EN

The technology presented in the paper concerns a project realized in the Netherlands including an innovative product, i.e. a porous bituminous mixture with the addition of over 90% of recycled materials, an innovative device and an innovative process of production in 100°C.

8

Material recovery as an opportunity of immediate introduction of eco-friendly transport system (vehicles)

Wojciechowski A., Wołosiak M., Doliński A., Pietrzak K.

Journal of KONES

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2018

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Vol. 25, No. 1

465--474

EN

The article presents an analysis of the need to introduce pro-ecological solutions at the fuel sector of industry, resulting from dynamic economic development, and environment protection requirements. The forecasts on the number of vehicles in the world and the subsequent growth of interest in alternative fuels are presented. The advantages of using these fuels as compared to petroleum fuels and electricity are described. The presented analysis emphasizes the context of EU legislation on environmental requirements. At the same time, it was pointed out the need to obtain the required technical and energy characteristics of alternative fuels, the competitive costs of their production, and important environmental aspects. Taking into account these premises and the principle of circular economy closed circuit, alternative fuels from organic waste, in particular from enormous amounts of organic non-biodegradable wastes (packaging, multi-material fabric, rubber, tires) were proposed. It has been shown that thermal decomposition by thermolysis, described briefly in the article, can be a method suitable for a wide economic application within the alternative fuel production system. Based on literature data and own experience, it has been found that the quality of fuels (oil, gas) obtained from the thermal decomposition of organic and mixed waste is not different from the requirements for the best quality raw materials used in the production of petrol and may even exceed the properties of petroleum. Introduction of the system of regional production and distribution of alternative fuels from waste could be remarkable driver of small towns and rural areas revitalization and development, while supporting build up and improvement of local communities.

9

The effect of ceramic type reinforcement on structure and properties of Cu-Al2O3 composites

Strojny-Nędza A., Pietrzak K., Gładki A., Nosewicz S., Jarząbek D. M., Chmielewski M.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 4

553--560

EN

The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on mechanical alloying conditions for a composite powder consisting of copper and brittle aluminium oxides. Detailed analysis of the Cu-Al2O3 powder mixture structure obtained in the mechanical alloying process allows for the study of the homogenization phenomena and for obtaining grains (in composite form) with a high degree of uniformity. The Cu-5vol.%Al2O3 composites were obtained by means of the spark plasma sintering technique. The results presented herein were studied and discussed in terms of the impact of using a different form of aluminium oxide powder and a different shape of copper powder on composite properties. Research methodology included microstructure analysis as well as its relation to the strength of Cu-Al2O3 interfaces. It transpires from the results presented below that the application of electrocorundum as a reinforcement phase in composites decreases porosity in the ceramic phase, thus improving thermal properties and interfacial strength.

10

Physical and Electrical Properties of Silver-Matrix Composites Reinforced with Various Forms of Refractory Phases

Borkowski P., Pietrzak K., Frydman K., Wójcik-Grzybek D., Gładki A., Sienicki A.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2018

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Vol. 63, iss. 2

817--823

EN

This paper presents technological trials aimed at producing Ag-W, Ag-WC, Ag-W-C and Ag-WC-C composite contact materials and characterizing their properties. These materials were obtained using two methods, i.e. press-sinter-repress (PSR) at the refractory phase content of less than 30% by weight as well as press-sinter-infiltration (PSI) at the refractory phase content of ≥50% by weight). The results of research into both the physical and electrical properties of the outcome composites were shown. They include the analysis of the influence of the refractory phase content (W or WC) on arc erosion and contact resistance changes for the following current range: 6 kAmax in the case of composites with a low refractory phase content, 10 kAmax in the case of composites with the refractory phase content of ≥50% by weight.

11

Microstructure and Mechanical Characteristics of the Ternary SnZnAl Lead-Free Alloy

Pietrzak K., Klasik A., Maj M., Sobczak N.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 3

31--36

EN

The paper describes the studies of ternary SnZn9Al1.5 lead-free alloy from the viewpoint of its mechanical behavior as well as microstructure examined by the light and scanning electron microscopy. The authors focused their attention specifically on the fatigue parameters determined by the original modified low-cycle fatigue method (MLCF), which in a quick and economically justified way allows determination of a number of mechanical parameters based on the measurement data coming from one test sample only. The effect of the addition of 1.5% Al to the binary eutectic SnZn9 alloy on its microstructure and the obtained level of mechanical parameters was analyzed. The phases and intermetallic compounds occurring in the alloy were identified based on the chemical analysis carried out in micro-areas by the SEM/EDS technique. It was shown that the addition of 1.5% Al to the binary eutectic SnZn9 alloy resulted in a more favorable microstructure and consequently had a positive effect on the mechanical parameters of the alloy. Based on the conducted research, it was recommended to use a combinatorial method based on the phase quanta theory to quickly evaluate the microstructure and the original MLCF method to determine a number of mechanical parameters.

12

Microstructure and Fatigue Life of the Binary Lead-free Alloys with High Zn Content

Pietrzak K., Klasik A., Maj M., Sobczak N.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 4

65--70

EN

The results of studies presented in this article are an example of the research activity of the authors related to lead-free alloys. The studies covered binary SnZn90 and SnZn95 lead-free alloys, including their microstructure and complex mechanical characteristics. The microstructure was examined by both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The identification of alloy chemical composition in micro-areas was performed by SEM/EDS method. As regards light microscopy, the assessment was of both qualitative and quantitative character. The determination of the geometrical parameters of microstructure was based on an original combinatorial method using phase quantum theory. Comprehensive characterization of mechanical behavior with a focus on fatigue life of alloys was performed by means of the original modified low cycle fatigue method (MLCF) adapted to the actually available test machine. The article discusses the fatigue life of binary SnZn90 and SnZn95 alloys in terms of their microstructure. Additionally, the benefits resulting from the use of the combinatorial method in microstructure examinations and MLCF test in the quick estimation of several mechanical parameters have been underlined.

13

Microstructure and Fatigue Life of the A359 Alloy Reinforced with Al2O3 after Multiple Remelting

Pietrzak K., Klasik A., Maj M., Sobczak J., Wojciechowski A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 2

39--44

EN

The multiple direct remelting of composites based on the A359 alloy reinforced with 20% of Al2O3 particles was performed. The results of both gravity casting and squeeze casting were examined in terms of the obtained microstructure and mechanical characteristics. In microstructure examinations, the combinatorial method based on phase quanta theory was used. In mechanical tests, the modified low cycle fatigue method (MLCF) was applied. The effects obtained after both gravity casting and squeeze casting were compared. It was noted that both characteristics were gradually deteriorating up to the tenth remelting. The main cause was the occurrence of shrinkage porosity after the gravity casting. Much better results were obtained applying the squeeze casting process. The results of microstructure examinations and fatigue tests enabled drawing the conclusion that the A359 alloy reinforced with Al2O3 particles can confer a much better fatigue life behavior to the resulting composite than the A359 alloy without the reinforcement. At the same time, comparing these results with the results of the previous own research carried out on the composites based also on the A359 alloy but reinforced in the whole volume with SiC particles, it has been concluded that both types of the composites can be subjected to multiple remelting without any significant deterioration of the structural and mechanical characteristics. The concepts and advantages of using the combinatorial and MLCF methods in materials research were also presented.

14

Microstructural Aspects of Fatigue Life of Sn-Zn Lead-free Solders with 1% of Ag Addition

Pietrzak K., Klasik A., Maj M., Sobczak N., Wojciechowski A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 18, iss. 1

87--92

EN

The article presents the study results of Sn-Zn lead-free solders with the various Zn content. The results concern the hypoeutectic, eutectic and hypereutectic alloys containing respectively 4.5% Zn, 9% Zn and 13.5% Zn. Moreover, these alloys contain the constant Ag (1%) addition. The aim of the study was to determine the microstructural conditionings of their fatigue life. In particular it was focused on answer the question what meaning can be assigned to the Ag addition in the chemical composition of binary Sn-Zn alloys. The research includes a qualitative and quantitative assessments of the alloy microstructures, that have been carried out in the field of light microscopy (LM). In order to determine some geometrical parameters of the microstructure of alloys the combinatorial method based on the phase quanta theory was applied. Moreover, for the identification necessities the chemical analyses in the micro-areas by SEM/EDS technics were also performed. Based on the SEM/EDS results the phases and intermetallic compounds existing in the examined lead-free solders were identified. The mechanical characteristics were determined by means of the modified low cycle test (MLCF). Based on this method and on the results obtained every time from only one sample the dozen of essential mechanical parameters were evaluated. The research results were the basis of analyzes concerning the effects of microstructural geometrical parameters of lead-free alloys studied on their fatigue life at ambient temperature.

15

SEM, EDS, and XPS characterization of coatings obtained on titanium during AC plasma electrolytic process enriched in magnesium

Rokosz K., Hryniewicz T., Raaen S., Matýsek D., Dudek Ł., Pietrzak K.

Advances in Materials Science

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2018

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Vol. 18, nr 3(57)

68--78

EN

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) known also as Micro Arc Oxidation (MAO) process is widely used to fabricate porous coatings on titanium and its alloys mainly in water- and acid-based solutions to different applications, e.g. in biomaterials, catalysts, and sensors. In the present paper, the SEM, EDS, and XPS results of porous coatings obtained by PEO treatment on titanium in electrolytes based on concentrated phosphoric H3PO4 acid with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, or magnesium nitrate hexahydrate Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, or zinc nitrate hexahydrate Zn(NO3)2·6H2O for 3 minutes at 200 Vpp (peak to peak) with frequency of 50 Hz, are presented. Based on EDS results, the Ca/P, Mg/P, and Zn/P ratios, which equal to 0.95, 0.176, and 0.231, respectively, were found out. The XPS studies of the top 10 nm of the porous layer clearly indicate that it contains mainly phosphates (PO4 3− and/or HPO4 2− and/or H2PO4 −, and/or P2O7 4−) with titanium (Ti4+) and calcium (Ca2+) or magnesium (Mg2+), or zinc (Zn2+).

16

Badania stabilności zawiesiny metalowo-ceramicznej po wielokrotnym przetopie kompozytu na bazie stopu aluminium A359 zbrojonego cząsteczkami Al2O3

Pietrzak K., Sobczak N., Sobczak J. J., Klasik A., Kudyba A., Darłak P., Długosz P., Wojciechowski A., Sienicki E.

Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa

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2017

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Vol. 57, no. 2

69--84

PL

Metodę kropli leżącej zaadaptowano do badań wpływu wielokrotnego przetapiania i odlewania metalowych materiałów kompozytowych na strukturalną stabilność zawiesiny metalowo-ceramicznej. Do badań stosowano komercyjny kompozyt o osnowie stopu aluminium A359 (AlSiMg) firmy DURALCAN zawierający ok. 20% obj. cząsteczek tlenku glinu. Kompozyt poddano 10-krotnemu przetopieniu i odlewano, stosując dwa procesy znacznie różniące się czasem krzepnięcia zawiesiny metalowo-ceramicznej, tj. odlewanie grawitacyjne oraz prasowanie w stanie ciekłym (squeeze casting). Próbki kompozytu po każdorazowym cyklu przetopu i odlewania poddano badaniom wysokotemperaturowym na podłożu z tlenku glinu w próżni w temperaturze 850°C w ciągu 30 min. Zarówno bezpośrednia obserwacja zachowania próbek kompozytu podczas ich nagrzewania, jak i analiza strukturalna zakrzepłych próbek wykazała, że podczas topienia powstająca kropla zawiesiny metalowo-ceramicznej nie ulega rozwarstwianiu i zachowuje stabilność w badanym okresie czasowym, niezależnie od liczby przeprowadzonych przetopów i zastosowanego następnie sposobu odlewania kompozytu. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają dotychczasowe badania wskazujące na możliwość wielokrotnego przetapiania i ponownego odlewania kompozytów metalowych bez istotnej utraty ich właściwości użytkowych. Stwierdzona wysoka stabilność pierwotnej jednorodności zawiesiny metalowo- -ceramicznej upoważnia do zakwestionowania powszechnie akceptowanej tezy o nieprzydatności odlewanych kompozytów metalowych do recyklingu.

EN

The sessile drop method was adopted to investigate the effect of multiple re-melting and casting of metal matrix composite on the structural stability of metal-ceramic slurry. Commercial aluminum matrix composite made of the A359Al alloy reinforced with about 20 vol. % Al2O3 particles was produced by DURALCAN and next re-melted and recast ten times using two casting methods, i.e. conventional gravity casting and squeeze casting. The samples taken from all composite ingots produced after every cycle of re-melting and re-casting were used for high temperature tests at a temperature of 850°C for 30 min, under vacuum conditions. Both direct observations of the behavior of composite samples placed on alumina substrates during their contact heating and at the test temperature as well as the detailed structural characterization of solidified droplets have shown high structural stability of the metalceramic slurry, irrespective of the number of re-melts and type of casting process used afterwards. The high stability of the originally obtained composite microstructure in each subsequent re-melting step in this study also entitles one to question the widely accepted opinion on the difficulties with re-melting of cast composites, and thus their unsuitability for recycling.

17

Effect of Ti and Zr additions on wettability and work of adhesion in Ag/C system

Wójcik-Grzybek D., Frydman K., Sobczak N., Nowak R., Piątkowska A., Pietrzak K.

Materiały Elektroniczne

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2017

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T. 45, nr 1

4--11

EN

Wettability in the silver/carbon system was examined by the sessile drop method under vacuum at the temperature of 1243 K. Vitreous carbon, diamond and graphite were used as solid substrates. after wettability tests, the solidified Ag/C and Ag-X/C (X - 1 wt.% Ti or Zr) couples were subjected to structural characterization by SEM and EDX analysis. liquid pure silver does not wet these substrates and shows week adhesion, regardless of the type of the carbon material used. the introduction of 1 wt.% carbide forming additions Ti or Zr into silver changes dramatically the interaction in the Ag/C system leading to the formation of continuous reaction product layers (TiCx and ZrCx, respectively) at the drop/substrate interface. these interfacial layers are responsible for good wetting and high work of adhesion between agti1 and AgZr1 alloys and all types of carbon materials examined in this study.

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań zwilżalności w układzie srebro/węgiel wykonanych w atmosferze próżni, w temperaturze 1243 K. Pomiary kąta zwilżania wykonano metodą leżącej kropli na podłożach z węgla szklistego, diamentu i grafitu. Po testach zwilżalności wytworzone pary materiałów Ag/C i Ag-X/C (X - 1% wag. Ti lub Zr) poddano analizie strukturalnej metodami SEM i EDX. Ag/C jest układem niereaktywnym, w którym srebro nie zwilża węgla. Prezentowane badania wykazują, że dodatek 1% wag. Ti lub Zr do srebra powoduje obniżenie kątów zwilżania i wzrost wartości pracy adhezji w układzie Ag/C niezależnie od typu materiału węglowego. Jest to związane z powstawaniem na granicy kontaktu kropli z podłożem węglowym warstw przejściowych zawierających węgliki TiCx lub ZrCx.

18

Właściwości fizykochemiczne spieków otrzymanych na bazie stopów Al pochodzących z recyklingu

Karwan-Baczewska J., Pietrzak K., Kołacz D., Suśniak M., Wojciechowski A.

Inżynieria Powierzchni

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2017

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nr 2

56--63

PL

W artykule przedstawiono efekty konsolidacji spieków metodą SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering Uzyskano bezporowate spieki na bazie stopów aluminium pochodzących z recyklingu. Materiały wyjściowe do przeprowadzenia konsolidacji metodą SPS stanowiły wióry pochodzące z obróbki skrawaniem oraz granulat otrzymany z odpadów poprodukcyjnych. Przedstawiono ich morfologię w stanie wyjściowym oraz charakterystyki fizykochemiczne po przeprowadzonych procesach konsolidacji metodą SPS. Szczególny nacisk położono na przebieg i optymalizację procesu konsolidacji. Uzyskane efekty technologiczne analizowano w kontekście przyjętych parametrów procesu.

EN

The article presents the effects of the consolidation of sinters by the SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering) method. Free of porosity aluminum sinters based on aluminum alloys coming from recycling were obtained. The chips from the machining process and the granulate obtained from post-production waste were used as the starting material for conducting the consolidation by the SPS method. Their morphology in the initial state and physicochemical characteristics after the conducted SPS consolidation processes were presented. The particular emphasis was on the course and optimization of the consolidation process. The obtained technological effects were analyzed in the context of the assumed process parameters.

19

Odporność na zużycie spieków wytworzonych metodą SPS na bazie aluminium pochodzącego z recyklingu

Pietrzak K., Karwan-Baczewska J., Klasik A., Kołacz D., Suśniak M., Wojciechowski A.

Inżynieria Powierzchni

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2017

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nr 2

3--16

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących spieków uzyskanych metodą Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) z punktu widzenia ich wybranych właściwości, w tym odporności na zużycie w warunkach tarcia suchego. W badaniach wykorzystano stopy Al w postaci wiórów oraz granulatu pochodzących z odzysku materiałowego. W oparciu o analizy jakościowe i ilościowe mikrostruktury wykazano, że wytworzone techniką SPS spieki są praktycznie bezporowate. Przedstawione w artykule wyniki badań umożliwiły sformułowanie wniosków dotyczących parametrów technologicznych procesu wytwarzania spieków, jak i wpływu rodzajów materiałów zastosowanych na zużycie ścierne w parach trących, oceniane w oparciu o metodę pin on disc. Przedstawiono także wyniki przeprowadzonych badań twardości, a także ocenę topografii powierzchni przed i po przeprowadzonych próbach tribologicznych.

EN

In the article the results of research concerning the sinters obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) are presented from the view point of their selected properties including wear resistance under dry friction conditions. Al alloys in the form of chips and granules as recovery materials were used in the studies. Based on the microstructure analyses, both qualitative and quantitative, it has been shown that in the sinters produced by means of SPS technique the pores practically are not observed. The results of the research presented in this paper made possible to formulate the conclusions concerning both the technological parameters of the sintering process and the influence of materials kinds on abrasive wear assessed by the pin-on-disc method. The results of performed hardness tests as well as surface topography evaluation before and after tribological tests were also presented.

20

Mikrostruktura i odporność na zużycie spieków otrzymanych na bazie stopów Al pochodzących z recyklingu

Pietrzak K., Karwan-Baczewska J., Klasik A., Suśniak M., Wojciechowski A., Olbrycht A., Szczeblewski M.

Inżynieria Powierzchni

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2017

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nr 1

11--24

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących spieków uzyskanych metodą konwencjonalnego prasowania i spiekania z punktu widzenia ich wybranych właściwości, w tym odporności na zużycie w warunkach tarcia suchego. W oparciu o analizy mikrostruktury, zarówno jakościowe, jak i ilościowe, można było zidentyfikować negatywny efekt mikrostrukturalny w przypadku spieków otrzymanych z granulatu pochodzącego z procesu recyklingu. Natomiast znacznie lepsze wyniki uzyskano podczas spiekania aluminiowych wiórów pochodzących z odpadów powstałych podczas obróbki skrawaniem. Analizowano wybrane charakterystyki, takie jak twardość, odporność na zużycie i topografię powierzchni. Przedstawiono także znaczące polepszenie odporności na zużycie spiekanych materiałów przez wprowadzenie natryskiwanych cieplnie powłok WC-Co.

EN

The article presents the results of research he sinters obtained by conventional pressing and sintering methods from the perspective of their selected properties including their wear resistance under dry friction conditions. On the basis of both qualitative and quantitative microstructure analyses ii was possible to identify the negative microstructural effect with sinters derived from the granules originated from the recycling process. On the other hand, much better results were obtained during sintering of aluminum chips from waste generated during machining. The selected, such as: hardness, wear resistance and topography were analyzed. The article also presents a significant improvement in the wear resistance of sintered materials by the introduction of thermally sprayed WC-Co coatings.