Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Application of computed tomography for an analysis of composite with fine dispersive reinforcement made of the Fe65Co10Ni3W2B20 alloy

Szlązak K., Siejka A., Szota M., Nabiałek M., Łukaszewicz A., Klimas J., Pietrusiewicz P., Błoch K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 83, nr 1

17--22

EN

Purpose: The paper presents the results of microstructure and mechanical properties of composites resulting from a combination of powders of metallic glasses with an epoxy resin (Epidian 100). The study was performed using computed tomography. Design/methodology/approach: The filler used was made of a Fe65Co10Ni3W2B20 amorphous alloy based on, showing in the state after the formation the soft magnetic properties. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the fraction of the composite powders on the microstructure parameters (mean pore diameter and pore volume fraction) and the properties of the obtained composites. Findings: Based on the survey it was found out that size fraction used does not affect the value of the modulus of elasticity linear composites studied. It was also shown that the composites analysed in an attempt to compress the cross cracked grain boundaries. The influence fraction powders and change the share of the pore size depending on the fraction of the filler. Research limitations/implications: No studies of the magnetic properties determine the usefulness of these materials in the electronics industry. Practical implications: Practical implications are to size the test specimens in the limited range of tests. In the future, it is planned to produce samples with a larger diameter. Originality/value: The paper presents a new group of composites-based metallic glasses conditions characterised by good properties produced a simple and inexpensive method.

2

The dependence of the functional properties of the nanocomposite with matrix made of Epidian 100 resin due to size of reinforcement made of Fe67Co10Ni1W2B20 alloy

Siejka A., Szota M., Nabiałek M., Pietrusiewicz P., Łukaszewicz A., Klimas J., Błoch K.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 77, nr 2

64--68

EN

Purpose: Objective of the paper was to determine the effect of particle size fraction for the mechanical properties of powders and magnetic fields produced powder consisting of ironbased alloys and an epoxy resin (trade name Epidian 100) which was obtained as a result of press. Design/methodology/approach: Samples were produced by the method of singleunilateral pressing. To achieve the pursued objective, the following tests were performed: microstructural observations – light microscope, roughness tests, statistical the hysteresis loops. Findings: On the basis of the research it can be stated that with the increase in the size fraction of the reinforcement of composites increased their roughness and greater was their density. In addition, with the increase in the size fraction of the reinforcement of composites increased the field coercivity, while decreasing saturation magnetisation. Research limitations/implications: The study not specified time and the influence of baling pressure on the mechanical properties and magnetic properties of composites produced using the single-uniaxial press. Practical implications: The division into three fractions powder using a sieve analysis did not allow for adequate separation of powders. In each fraction were small particles. In the future, it will be used a long period of time sieving powders. Originality/value: The paper presents new method producing magnetic composites, where possible was give shape by using epoxy resin.

3

Work on the modification of the structure and properties of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy for biomedical applications

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M., Laskowski K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 78, nr 1

10--16

EN

Purpose: The paper attempts to improve the properties of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy by the using of the injection casting method with rapid cooling. The comparison of the structure and properties of the Ti6Al4V titanium alloy formed by two methods: the injection casting under pressure in two variants under air and vacuum with using a rapid cooling and purchased commercially were carried out. Design/methodology/approach: Samples were produced by two methods: unconventional casting by injection under pressure of gas or vacuum to copper mold with rapid cooling, and a traditional method for the production of titanium alloys in a form of a rod. To achieve the pursued objective the following tests were performed: microstructural observations – light microscope and SEM, corrosion resistance tests, microhardness tests – Vickers method. Findings: Microstructural observations showed that the Ti6Al4V titanium alloy produced by injection casting method under pressure with rapid cooling is able to produce extremely fine-grained layer and ductile core. That distribution of structures significantly affect on the improvement of a number of properties compared to commercially produced material. Moreover, during process increased corrosion resistance was observed. Those properties have a significant impact on the possibility of using that type of a production method and material in many areas of materials science related with medicine. Research limitations/implications: In the framework of the studies, tests using living tissues, which would allow to determine whether the produced material is biocompatible and does not cause inflammation, have not been conducted. Practical implications: The application of injection casting carries some complications, which mainly relate to quartz capillary where ingot is melted. Titanium as a reactive element strongly absorbs silicon out of the capillary causing changes in the chemical composition in the surface layer of the final element. Further studies will be attempted to use a different type of material wherein the alloy will be melted. Originality/value: The paper presents the improvement of the properties of materials produced under pressure by casting injection, compared to the same material produced by a commercial method.

4

Characteristics of titanium Grade 2 and evaluation of corrosion resistance

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M., Szota K.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 77, nr 2

65--71

EN

Purpose: The paper attempts to improve the properties of titanium Grade 2 by the use of the injection casting method with rapid cooling. Design/methodology/approach: Microstructural observations by using an optical microscope, microhardness studies, X-ray qualitative analysis as well as corrosion resistance tests were carried out. Corrosion resistance tests were conducted by measuring the open circuit potential and measuring the resistance to corrosion by the method of anodic polarization curves in a potential range close to the corrosion potential. Findings: Studies have shown that the application of the abovementioned preparation method affect the microstructure of the finished item. There has been a fragmentation of the structure and the formation of dendrites. Those changes have improved corrosion resistance and increase microhardness. There were no changes in the phase composition. Research limitations/implications: Studies were performed only in the Ringer's solution indicating a potential use of this material as a biomaterial. Further research should be conducted in more aggressive environments especially for the energy industry and chemical industry. Practical implications: The application of injection casting carries some complications, which mainly relate to quartz capillary where ingot is melted. Titanium as a reactive element strongly absorbs silicon out of the capillary causing changes in the chemical composition in the surface layer of the final element. The addition of silicon in the surface layer may affect on obtained results. Originality/value: Using the production method indicates its use in future in many industries.

5

Modification of the Structure and Properties of the Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V in Biomedical Applications

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M., Nabiałek M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2015

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Vol. 60, iss. 3A

2013--2018

EN

From the time when Per-Ingvar Brånemark discovered oseointegration properties of titanium in 1952 a large-scale studies on the issue of usability this metal in surgery were started. Thanks to the parallel research conducted on independent centers managed to get a number of metal alloys which were implanted into the human body in the form of implants. Among the alloys produced appeared alloy of aluminum and vanadium Ti6Al4V. The mechanical properties, high biocompatibility, low density and for this relatively low-cost, caused that the alloy began to be used as a material for biomedical applications. In the present article analyzed the possibility of modifying the properties of the alloy, by choosing another method of producing – method of injection casting with suction. A comparative analysis of the input material - the alloy commercially produced in the form of a rod of the same material melted by injection under vacuum and in air were carried out. The studies results indicate that using method of injection casting with suction to produce the final item influence on significant improvement in mechanical properties as a result of fragmentation of the grains at the element surface. The mechanical properties play a key role in a tissue-implant-bone system.

PL

Od 1952roku, kiedy to Per-Ingvar Brånemark odkrył osteointegracyjne właściwości tytanu, rozpoczęto w znacznym stopniu badania w kwestii przydatności tego metalu w chirurgii. Poprzez badania prowadzone przez kilka niezależnych ośrodków naukowo - badawczych w organizm człowiek wszczepiono szereg stopów metali w postaci implantów. Wśród wszczepianych stopów pojawił się Ti6Al4V, którego charakteryzują bardzo dobre właściwości mechaniczne, wysoka zgodność biologiczna, niska gęstość przy stosunkowo niskiej cenie. Spowodowało to, że stop ten zaczął być używany jako materiał do zastosowań biomedycznych. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano możliwość modyfikowania właściwości stopu, poprzez zmianę metody wytwarzania, wtłaczania w atmosferze próżni lub w powietrzu. Przeprowadzono analizę porównawczą materiału wyjściowego - stopu, jaki wytwarza się komercyjnie w przemyśle w postaci prętów, a materiału uzyskanego metodą wtłaczania z zastosowaniem próżni oraz w powietrzu. Wyniki badań wykazują, że zastosowanie metody wtłaczania wpływa na znaczącą poprawę właściwości mechanicznych w wyniku rozdrobnienia ziaren na powierzchni elementu. Właściwości mechaniczne odgrywają istotną rolę w połączeniach: tkanka - implant - kość.

6

Microstructure and Functional Properties of Prosthetic Cobalt Alloys CoCrW

Nadolski M., Golański G., Klimas J., Szota M., Szymański J.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2015

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Vol. 60, iss. 3A

1999--2003

EN

The material subject to investigation was two commercial alloys of cobalt CoCrW (No. 27 and 28) used in prosthodontics. The scope of research included performing an analysis of microstructure and functional properties (microhardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance), as well as dilatometric tests. The examined alloys were characterized by diverse properties, which was considerably influenced by the morphology of precipitates in these materials. Alloy No. 27 has a higher corrosion resistance, whereas alloy No. 28 shows higher microhardness, better wear resistance and higher coefficient of linear expansion. Lower value of the expansion coefficient indicates less probability of initiation of a crack in the facing ceramic material.

PL

Badaniu poddano dwa komercyjne stopy kobaltu CoCrW (nr 27 i 28) stosowane w protetyce stomatologicznej. Zakres badań obejmował przeprowadzenie analizy mikrostrukturalnej, właściwości użytkowych (mikrotwardość, odporność na ścieranie i odporność korozyjna) oraz badania dylatometryczne. Badane stopy charakteryzowały się zróżnicowanymi właściwościami na co zasadniczy wpływ miała morfologia wydzieleń w tych materiałach. Stop nr 27 posiada wyższą odporność korozyjną natomiast stop nr 28 wykazuje: wyższą mikrotwardość, lepszą odporność na ścieranie oraz niższy współczynnik rozszerzalności liniowej. Niższa wartość współczynnika rozszerzalności liniowej wskazuje na mniejsze prawdopodobieństwo inicjacji pęknięcia licującego materiału ceramicznego.

7

An attempt to improve the properties of Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn titanium alloy by applying an innovative method of shaping-injection with rapid cooling

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 76, nr 2

122--128

EN

Purpose: The study attempts to improve the properties of Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn titanium alloy by applying an innovative method of shaping, injection with rapid cooling. The comparison of structures and properties of Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn titanium alloy produced by two methods: conventional one by rolling and by injection with rapid cooling has been presented. Design/methodology/approach: Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn titanium alloy produced by two methods: traditionally used rolling to achieve products in the form of sheets and unconventionally used injection of molten alloy to mold under pressure with rapid cooling. To achieve the objective the following studies have been carried out: observation of the microstructure by the optical and scanning electron microscope, EDS to verify the chemical composition, roughness measurement to examine surface layer geometry and microhardness tests. Findings: : Observations of microstructures have shown that the Ti15V3Al3Cr3Sn titanium alloy produced by overpressure with rapid cooling has the ability to create fine-grained structure in a top layer with a more ductile core. Such a combination of the structure has enabled to obtain better mechanical properties than the samples produced by the conventional method. Hard, durable and smooth surface layer with a ductile core provides the opportunity to use that material in many fields of materials engineering. Originality/value: The paper presents studies of titanium alloy shaped by the unconventional method of injection to achieve much better properties than for alloys obtained by rolling.

8

Application of injection method to modify titanium alloy Ti6Al4V

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M., Nabiałek M.

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2014

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Vol. 17, no. 128-129

91--92

EN

In the present work, the samples were subjected to a comparative analysis of the titanium alloy Ti6Al4V prepared by various methods. The research included a comparison of the following properties of manufactured elements: microstructure, phase composition and surface roughness. The test results clearly showed that these properties are different when using different method of casting. These changes allows the use of prepared elements in medicine.

9

The impact of the powder fraction on the structural and magnetic properties of polymer matrix composites

Bukowska A., Szota M., Nabiałek M., Błoch K., Łukaszewicz A., Klimas J.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 68, nr 2

59--65

EN

Purpose: The preparation of composite materials composed of Fe66Co10Ni2W2B20 alloy powders and epoxy resin and determining the influence of the alloy powders fraction Fe66Co10Ni2W2B20 on mechanical and magnetic properties of produced materials. Design/methodology/approach: Tested samples made of Fe66Co10Ni2W2B20 alloy powders and epoxy resin, were produced by pressing with pressure 5MPa during 10 s. In order to examine produced materials structural studies were conducted (observation under an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope with EDS analysis), mechanical (measurement of surface roughness) and magnetic (obtaining static magnetic hysteresis loop based on measurements were made using a vibrating magnetometer (VSM)).Results: Pressing of Fe66Co10Ni2W2B20 alloy powders and epoxy resin allows to obtain composite materials, which are divided into three fractions, namely: 20-50 μm 50-100 μm 100-200 μm characterized, with the increasing size of the fraction of reinforcement, the better development of the area. Magnetic studies show that with increasing size of the fraction of the reinforcement, those materials have smaller coercive field, as well as the observed decrease in saturation magnetization. Originality/value: By combining Fe66Co10Ni2W2B20 alloy powders and epoxy resin composite materials with different fractions of reinforcement, which exhibit better properties than the starting materials used to receive are possible to obtain.

10

Forming properties of titanium alloy for biomedical applications

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M., Bukowska A., Nabiałek M.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 70, nr 2

61--69

EN

Purpose: A preparation of surface layers on the surface of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V as a result of thermo-chemical treatment and a comparison of obtained layers from baseline. The results of studies comparing the structure and properties of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V with produced surface layers. Design/methodology/approach: Test samples were the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, which was subjected to heat-chemical treatment, consisting in annealing components in air for 1 hour at each temperature: 400ºC, 450ºC, 500ºC, 550ºC, 600ºC. To achieve pursued objective the following tests: microstructural observation of the cross section, which made it possible to study the thickness of the produced coating study were performed, a study of the geometry of the surface was performed – roughness and hardness were measured. Wear resistance of each layer was shown. Ringer liquid simulates the conditions similar in the human body. Results: Through the use of thermo-chemical treatment, it is possible to obtain surface layers of different thicknesses on titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V. A method used for thermo-chemical treatment can produce a layer that affect the increase in hardness, whose value is almost twice higher than that of the without workup alloy. The evaluation of surface topography allowed to state that all samples were subjected to thermal-chemical treatment have a similar level of the development of the surface. The lowest roughness has alloy, annealed at 500°C. The study shows that the corrosion resistance of titanium alloy is dependent on the thickness of the obtained surface layers. The highest corrosion potential has the sample annealed at 500°C. Originality/value: The paper summarizes comparative studies of titanium alloy and the alloy with produced oxide layers, proving by far superior to the results with produced alloy layers, which one were produced by the injection method, than in the case of alloys produced by the drawing method.

11

Comparison of results obtained using the injection method of preparation of solid amorphous alloys with and without suction

Klimas J., Łukaszewicz A., Szota M., Nabiałek M., Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 67, nr 2

77--83

EN

Purpose: The study compares the structure and properties titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced by injection method allowing the production of massive amorphous materials in two varies – with and without suction. Design/methodology/approach: Samples were produced form titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced by injection method. Structures and properties were compared of the same alloy but with different conditions in production process – with and without suction. To achieve the objective perused the following tests were carried out: study of phase composition by X-ray diffraction, observation of microstructure by using optical microscope and SEM, study of surface geometry – roughness, abrasion resistance tests and microhardness tests. Results: Microstructural studies have allowed to observe that the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced by injection method in both varies – with and without suction during injection to copper mold, has structure partially crystalized – nanocrystalline. In structure occur the crystal nuclei and lack of arrangement and regularity. The study of microhardness showed 100 HV 0.1 units higher hardness value in the embodiment with suction in comparison to the variant without suction. Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced with suction has better abrasion resistance in comparison with same alloy without suction. Alloy produced with suction has lower development area. Originality/value: The paper presented studies of massive amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys produced by alternative method – injection casting in two variants – with and without suction. That kind of production allow produced alloys with same chemical composition as commercial but with far better properties.

12

Comparison of properties of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloys producedby two methods: by continuous casting and injection casting, in aspect of medical applications

Klimas J., Szota M., Nabiałek M., Łukaszewicz A., Bukowska A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 2

263--267

EN

Purpose: The paper presents a comparison of the structure and properties of titanium alloys Ti-6Al-4V produced by two methods: conventional and injection casting which allows obtaining solid amorphous alloys. Design/methodology/approach: Test samples are titanium alloys Ti-6Al-4V produced by two methods: conventional and injection casting. To achieve assumed objective the followed test were performed: phase composition by X-ray diffraction, microstructure observation was carried out, preformed to study the geometry of the surface – roughness and abrasion resistance measurements. Research limitations/implications: Observation of microstructures revealed that, titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced by conventional method has a crystalline ordered structure which is typical for materials produced by continuous casting, while the titanium alloy produced by injection casting has a structure partially crystalline, and in most predominates amorphous structure which is characterized by a lack of order and regularity. Confirmation of structural studies were obtained diffraction records from qualitative X-ray analysis. Sample which was produced by continuous casting has higher rate of roughness than sample produced by injection casting. Titanium alloy produced by injection casting has higher rate of abrasion resistance than alloy produced by conventional casting. Higher roughness and higher abrasion resistance, these properties are beneficial for the process of fusion of the implant with the tissues in living organism, that same is desired in case when alloy will be used for biomedical applications. Originality/value: The paper presented study of solid amorphous alloys which were produced by injection casting. That kind of production allowed to achieve much better properties than for alloys produced by conventional method - continuous casting.

13

Comparative description of structure and properties of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy for biomedical applications produced by two methods: conventional (molding) and innovative (injection) ones

Klimas J., Szota M., Nabiałek M., Łukaszewicz A., Bukowska A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 2

195--201

EN

Purpose: In paper characterized two methods produced titanium alloy: hitherto used in industry – conti-casting and innovative method of obtaining solid amorphous alloy by injection casting. The results of studies comparing the structure and properties of the alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced by both methods. Design/methodology/approach: Test samples were titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced by two methods: conventional and injection. To achieve the objective pursued performed the following tests: microstructure observation was carried out, the analysis of mechanical properties (microhardness) and corrosion resistance tests were performed in Ringer’s liquid, which simulates the human body fluids. Findings: Microstructural study allowed to observe that titanium alloy T-6Al-4V produced by conventional method has crystalline ordered structure which is characteristic for materials obtained by drawing, with oriented grains and elongated in the direction of drawing. Same alloy produced by injection casting has amorphous structure with occurrences of the single-crystal seeds, that kind of structure has lack of order and regularity. The microhardness study showed, that titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced by drawing has a hardness of less than twice for the same alloy produced by the injection. The corrosion tests conducted in an environment that simulates human body fluids, revealed showed that the materials made by injection have significantly corrosion potential than alloy obtained by drawing. Originality/value: The paper presents a comparative study of titanium alloy produced by drawing and massive amorphous alloy produced by unconventional method – injection casting. By the results proved that the alloy produced by injection has much better properties than alloy produced by drawing.

14

Stop magnezu AZ91 z naniesioną plazmowo powłoką HAp

Klimas J., Dudek A., Klimas M.

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2013

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Vol. 16, no. 122-123 spec. iss.

16--18

PL

W ramach niniejszej pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań stopu magnezu AZ91 z naniesioną plazmowo powłoką hydroksyapatytową. Przeprowadzono charakterystykę stereologiczną proszku HAp. Zamieszczono analizę mikrostruktury oraz budowy naniesionej powłoki HAp. Dokonano porównania własności mechanicznych stopu magnezu i stopu z naniesioną powłoką ceramiczną.

EN

This study discusses the results obtained from examinations of magnesium alloy AZ91 with plasmadeposited hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating. Stereological characterization of HAp powder was also presented. The authors also conducted a microstructure analysis of the HAp coating. Mechanical properties of magnesium alloy and alloywith ceramic coating were compared.

15

Kompozyty na osnowie tytanu i stopu tytanu Ti-6Al-4V z dodatkiem fazy HAp do zastosowań w medycynie otrzymywane metodą metalurgii proszków

Klimas M., Dudek A., Klimas J.

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2013

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Vol. 16, no. 122-123 spec. iss.

12--15

PL

W ramach niniejszej pracy wytworzono metodą metalurgii proszków kompozyty metaliczno–ceramiczne na osnowie tytanu i stopu tytanu Ti-6Al-4V z dodatkiem ceramiki hydroksyapatytowej. W przeprowadzonych badaniach określono za pomocą mikroskopii optycznej oraz rentgenowskiej analizy jakościowej fazy występujące w wytworzonych materiałach, wykorzystując profilometr wyznaczono chropowatość powierzchni uzyskanych kompozytów metaliczno – ceramicznych oraz oceniono kąt zwilżania otrzymanych materiałów w obecności roztworu Ringera.

EN

The paper describes a method of powder metallurgy used for obtaining metallic-ceramic composites based on titanium and titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V with addition of hydroxyapatite ceramics. Optical microscopy and X-ray quality analysis allowed for determination of the phases present in the materials. The authors also used a roughness tester in order to measure surface roughness on the metallic-ceramic composites and the contact angle of the materials in the Ringer’s solution.

16

Uszlachetnianie powierzchni stopu tytanu Ti6Al4V ELI

Klimas J., Dudek A., Klimas M.

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2012

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Vol. 15, no. 116-117 spec. iss.

52--54

PL

W ramach pracy próbki ze stopu tytanu Ti6Al4V ELI poddano procesom utleniania chemicznego, termicznego i elektrochemicznego (anodowego). W celu określenia wpływu różnego rodzaju utleniania na występujące fazy, dokonano badania składu fazowego metodą dyfrakcji rentgenowskiej przed i po procesach utleniania. Ponadto przeprowadzono obserwację mikrostruktur oraz wykonano badania geometrii powierzchni - chropowatości. W wyniku zastosowania utleniania stopu tytanu wytworzono zmodyfikowaną warstwę tlenków o szczególnych, z punktu widzenia zastosowania w medycynie własnościach użytkowych. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że wariant zastosowanego utleniania (chemiczne, termiczne i elektrochemiczne) wpływa na rodzaj uzyskanych faz na powierzchni stopu tytanu. Dodatkowo przeprowadzone badania geometrii powierzchni - chropowatości wykazały, że rodzaj zastosowanego utleniania wpływa na stopień rozwinięcia powierzchni, co ma znaczenie przy stosowaniu tego rodzaju materiałów w implantologii.

EN

This study presents the results obtained after the processes of chemical, thermal and electrochemical (anode) oxidation of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V ELI. In order to determine the effect of different types of oxidation on individual phases, the authors examined phase composition by means of the method of X-ray diffraction before and after the oxidation processes. Furthermore, the microstructure examinations and surface geometry (roughness) testing were also carried out. Oxidation of titanium alloys caused formation of a modified layer of oxides with specific functional properties that make these materials useful for medical applications. The study showed that the variant of oxidation (chemical, thermal or electrochemical) impacts on the type of phases obtained on titanium surface. The examinations of surface geometry (roughness) demonstrated that the type of oxidation used impacts on the degree of surface development, which is important when using these materials in implantology.