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1

Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods in Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) : a comparison of private passenger vehicles

Macioł A., Rębiasz B.

Operations Research and Decisions

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2018

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Vol. 28, No. 1

5--26

EN

Analogies between the life cycle assessment (LCA) and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) methodologies have been discussed as well as LCA as an MCDA problem for resolving the trade-offs between multiple environmental objectives. The objective of this study is to compare a variety of specialised multicriteria methods and knowledge-based methods used to aggregate the results from LCA. The studies were conducted using examples of LCA on private passenger vehicles. The research used two classical methods for multicriteria decision making (AHP and TOPSIS), the method of conventional (crisp) reasoning and Mamdani’s method of fuzzy inference. The results demonstrate that among the methods analysed, only crisp reasoning does not provide satisfactory results.

2

The influence of hydromorphological modifications of the littoral zone in lakes on macrophytes

Jusik S., Macioł A.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2014

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Vol. 43, No. 1

66--76

EN

The study aimed at determining the influence of hydromorphological modifications of the littoral zone in lakes on the occurrence and quantitative diversity of macrophytes. The field research was carried out at the peak of the growing season (June - September) between 2006 and 2009. Altogether, 457 transects were studied, located in 5 lakes. Studies on the hydromorphology were performed with the method of Lake Habitat Survey (LHS), and on macrophytes - with the method of transects. The studied sites were divided into 3 groups of different intensity of morphological transformations. The identified groups constituted the starting point for the analysis of influence exerted by transformations on macrophytes. The obtained results indicate that hydromorphological modifications of lakes are an important ecological factor affecting the occurrence and quantitative diversity of macrophytes. The transformations recorded in the studied reservoirs resulted mostly from recreational exploitation. They were responsible for mechanical elimination of dominant species, which led to an increased number of taxa, synanthropization and an average level of hemeroby as well as a decrease in the total vegetation cover. Helophytes were the most negatively affected group by the transformations, which reduce their contribution in the vegetation cover, whereas macroscopic filamentous algae and elodeids were positively affected.

3

Application of rule-based system to support FEM simulations in hot rolling process

Rec T., Macioł A., Macioł P.

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2011

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Vol. 11, No. 2

284-289

EN

Finite element method could be effectively used in computer-aided engineering. Unfortunately, it still rarely used in industry. One of the causes is high costs of such software, as well as lack of highly qualified specialist. IN this paper, the possibility of developing of rule based system for aiding of FEM simulations designing. Prototype of inference engine working with knowledge base storing engineering knowledge is used. Tests are provided with simple rod rolling process. Process of optimisation of technological parameters with both FEM computations and rule-based inference is shown in this article. Temperatures and shape of rod are chosen to be optimised. Abaqus 6.7 software is used fir FEM, while newly developed modelling language is used in inference. It is based on terms similar to predicates in First Order Logic and variables. It is shown, that quite simple set of rules allows finding proper solution in relatively low number of simulations. Some additional constraints and requirements are also described.

PL

Metoda elementów skończonych mogłyby być skutecznym narzędzie komputerowym wspomaganiu projektowania technologii. Niestety wciąż jest ona rzadko używanych w przemyśle. Jedną z przyczyn są wysokie koszty takiego oprogramowania, a także brak specjalistów o odpowiednich kwalifikacjach. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania systemu regułowego do wsparcia projektowania symulacji MES. Wykorzystanie prototyp silnika wnioskowania współpracujący z bazą wiedzy o charakterze technologicznym. Testy oparte zostały o modelowanie procesu walcowania prętów. W artykule przedstawiono proces optymalizacji parametrów technologicznych w oparciu o model MES oraz omówiono sposób doboru parametrów symulacji w oparciu o wyniki wnioskowania. Optymalizowanymi parametrami są temperatura i kształt pręta. Jako oprogramowania MES użyto systemu Abaqus 6.7, natomiast do wnioskowania zastosowano prototyp systemu regułowego opracowanego z udziałem Autorów. Jest on oparty na termach, zbliżonych do predykatów w rozumieniu First Order Logic oraz zmiennych. Wykazano, że dość prosty zestaw zasad umożliwia znalezienie właściwego rozwiązania w przy wykonaniu niewielkiej liczbę symulacji. Opisano również dodatkowe ograniczenia i założenia.

4

Zastosowanie silników regułowych do wspomagania decyzji w obszarze opracowania technologii i zarządzania produkcją wyrobów hutniczych

Baster B., Macioł A., Rębiasz B.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2010

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Vol. 77, nr 12

740-744

PL

Jednym z kluczowych problemów zarządzania w przedsiębiorstwach hutnictwa metali jest technologiczne przygotowanie produkcji oraz zarządzanie (sterowanie) produkcją. Oba te procesy są, jak do tej pory, w niedostatecznym stopniu wspomagane przez systemy informatyczne. O ile w zakresie rozwiązywania problemów inżynierskich dostępność narzędzi jest zadowalająca o tyle na styku technologii i zarządzania brak jest odpowiednich rozwiązań. Nowe możliwości tworzy koncepcja zarządzania regułami biznesowymi, którą można wykorzystać do rozwiązywania problemów technologicznych i produkcyjnych. Większość problemów w tym obszarze można przedstawić za pomocą reguł (w tym reguł o charakterze proceduralnym) a co za tym idzie wykorzystać silniki reguł do ich rozwiązywania.

EN

One of the key management problems in the metallurgical enterprises is technological production preparation and production management (production control). Both of these processes are not yet supported sufficiently by information systems. While in the engineering problem-solving domain the tools available so far are satisfactory, at the crossroads of technology and management there is a lack of appropriate solutions. The concept of business rules management, which can be used for technological and manufacturing issues, creates new opportunities. Most problems in this area can be represented by rules (including rules of a procedural nature), and thus solved through the use of rules engines.

5

Casting process selection using business rules approach

Stawowy A., Macioł A., Wrona R.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2010

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Vol. 55, iss. 3

927-934

EN

This paper presents the application of business rules idea for the selection of casting process taking into account the economic and technological requirements. Business Rules Management (BRM) systems allow non-technical business people to change the rules, analyze them for errors, and test and simulate them for impact analysis. Although BRM is focused on business processes improvement, it is possible to use this approach in technology management. The model of technology selection problem, the knowledge base as a set of rules and the solutions of exemplar cases are presented in the paper. The results indicate that the proposed business rules tool is feasible as a complete knowledge base and technology management method.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono sposób rozwiązywania problemu doboru technologii wykonania odlewu przy użyciu koncepcji reguł biznesowych (BRM - Business Rules Management). Systemy BRM pozwalają użytkownikowi-menedżerowi, który nie jest programista, formułować, aktualizować weryfikować i symulowac reguły w sposób zbliżony do języka naturalnego. Aczkolwiek BRM jest ukierunkowana na poprawe procesów biznesowych, z powodzeniem można stosować te koncepcje w zarządzaniu technologia. Przedstawiony został model problemu decyzyjnego doboru technologii, zestaw reguł służących do jego rozwiązania oraz przykłady rozwiązania konkretnych zadań. Uzyskane wyniki dowiodły możliwości zapisu wiedzy i wsparcia zarządzania technologią z wykorzystaniem nowoczesnych koncepcji zarządzania i informatyki.

6

An application of advanced information technology in foundry engineering

Macioł A., Wrona R., Stawowy A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 10, iss. 2

83--88

EN

The main goal of our lately researches bas been to prove that application of technological knowledge can be supported by artificial intelligence tools and internet techniques. Computer aided systems for technological process design presented in literature have a priori defined, fixed structure. The aim of our work was to develop an open system that guarantees easy knowledge changing and extending. We use the original method elaborated in University of Science and Technology called IwQ (Inference with Queries) as an inference engine for business and technological rules management. We also consider storage of data in relational database as a tool for ontology development. Application of metamodel in predefining information structure enabled flexible recording of the significantly differing information resources.

7

Business and technological rules management system for enterprises in iron and steel industry

Macioł A., Gaweł B., Jankowski R.

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2009

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Vol. 9, No. 2

335-340

EN

Business rules, a well as Business Rules Engines or Business Rules Management Systems, are terms that are becoming increasingly common in today's information technology industry. Modern Business Rules Management Systems are typically based on ,,Business Rules Manifesto - The Principles of Rule Independence? which was published in 2003. The central idea behind this document is that any organization has logic that is used to carry out its operational and managerial tasks. The individual pieces of this logic are defined in declarative way without being procedurally itemized as individual rules. So the major objective of modern business rules management systems is to allow describing business and technological processes independently of the software system to be implemented. As a result Business Rules Engines are completely new paradigm of information technology. The paradigm, described above, causes that business rules are applied to support wide spectrum of decisions, especially connected with managerial and technological area of production company. Until recently many of this problems have not been solved by computers. Examples of such decisions are: select appropriate technology to fill an order, estimate cost of order, select operational parameters of technological process, reusing redundant resources. In this paper we propose the framework which brings together concepts of business rules and expert, decision-support systems to help business experts with business rules implementation in natural language. We formulate special, graphical language, close to natural, for describing business and technological processes. Completeness and preciseness of processes which were described in this language, are validated by BRMS using e.g. simulation. Properly described processes are ready for using by IT system without any interference of IT experts. Our framework create same advantages for production company. It reduces costs of maintaining information system. More operational decision almost entirely based on intuition from now may by influenced by variety of quantitative factors. Whole enterprise can respond much more quickly to rapid change in environment due to automation in using its knowledge. Automation of knowledge also reduce probability of misunderstanding between member of organization and create possibility of continuously examine ways to improve business processes. Our framework is intended to support technological processes and decisions in area of metallurgy.

PL

U podstaw systemów zarządzania regułami biznesowymi leży założenie, że każda organizacja posiada pewną logikę biznesową, którą wykorzystuje do osiągania swoich celów operacyjnych i strategicznych. Współczesne systemy zarządzania regułami biznesowymi dążą do takiego opisu tej logiki, by możliwa była jej implementacja w dowolnym systemie informatycznym. O ile procesy rutynowe można zamodelować wykorzystując odpowiednie istniejące rozwiązania ERP, CRM, SCM czy WFM, o tyle wiele procesów i decyzji, występujących szczególnie w obszarze technologicznym, nadal czeka na odpowiednie metodologie. W artykule prezentujemy wykorzystanie metodologii IwQ do stworzenia platformy łączącej w sobie koncepcje reguł biznesowych oraz systemu wspomagania decyzji, której celem będzie implementacja reguł biznesowych w języku graficznym o składni bliskiej naturalnemu. Kompletność i precyzja opisu procesu w tym języku może być walidowana np. przy pomocy symulacji, po czym odpowiednio opisane procesy są gotowe do implementacji bez pomocy personelu informatycznego.

8

Web based foundry knowledge base

Stawowy A., Macioł A., Wrona R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 9, iss. 1

5-8

EN

The main assumptions and functions of proposed Foundry Knowledge Base (FKB) are presented in this paper. FKB is a framework for information exchange of casting products and manufacturing methods. We use CMS (Content Management System) to develope and maintain our web-based system. The CastML - XML dialect developed by authors for description of casting products and processes - is used as a tool for information interchange between ours and outside systems, while SQL is used to store and edit knowledge rules and also to solve the basic selection problems in the rule-based module. Besides the standard functions (companies data, news, events, forums and media kit), our website contains a number of nonstandard functions; the intelligent search module based on expert system is the main advantage of our solution. FKB is to be a social portal which content will be developed by foundry community.

9

Relational database as a basis for formalization of technological knowledge ontology

Macioł A., Stawowy A., Wrona R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 9, iss. 3

79-82

EN

In the paper, we present the main assumptions of ontology formulation and knowledge modeling in the form of relational database. This approach simplifies the development of knowledge mining tools which may use SQL together with attributive logic. The paper presents a concept and principles of ontology formulation for the needs of collecting the technological knowledge. The relational model of database is used as a tool for ontology developing. An example was given of how to model the ontology along with the example of the rules used in search for information. The results of our preliminary works confirm the correctness of our assumptions and enable drawing the conclusion, that well-known and reliable relational databases may be used as an efficient tool for ontology development.

10

Applications of the systems theory to the designing of the sand preparation sub-system in foundry plants

Wrona R., Stawowy A., Macioł A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2009

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Vol. 9, iss. 3

217-220

EN

This study provides the basic principles for designing the functional structure of manufacturing systems and their components. The analysis of functional values is applied to create the technological and manufacturing model underlying the design of the foundry equipment with machine units and materials handling systems. Quoted examples illustrate the approved procedure to be applied to control the sand preparation process in a foundry.

11

Shell expert system for technological knowledge acquisition and access

Macioł A., Stawowy A., Wrona R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 8, iss. 3

75-80

EN

Our studies on codification of knowledge about castings and techniques of their fabrication have led us to discover that it is possible to define the technological knowledge in open and flexible format. As a result the shell expert system for technological knowledge acquisition and access is proposed in this paper. The solution designed by us differs from the similar tools in that the whole knowledge has been written down in the form of relational databases. At the same time, the knowledge has been structured in the form of parameters in such a way that its restructuring and further development is possible without going into the structure of relations and by operating only in the extensional part of data model. Using new available sources, user may develop the knowledge base by himself. Theoretical assumptions and preliminary results of proposed system are also given. Our original idea is to design database structure in such way that any source of knowledge can be classified into many categories. Due to that idea as well as user-friendly interface the users can find any information in the way which is related to their needs and tooting.

12

Methodological aspects of systemic designing of foundry plants

Wrona R., Stawowy A., Macioł A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 8, iss. 3

125-128

EN

An approach is attempted to systematise the systemic research. A set of hypotheses are formulated, defining how a conceptual design of a foundry plant should be developed and improved when it is investigated as a system. The methodology aims to eliminate the particular approach to design to be replaced by integral design. The need of integral design seems a logical consequence of a transition from taskoriented design to situational design. The methodology outlined here offers an innovative and modern approach to engineering design, particularly in foundry plant design.

13

CastML - a language for description of casting products and processes

Stawowy A., Wrona R., Macioł A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2008

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Vol. 8, iss. 4

205-208

EN

This work presents CastML - an XML dialect for description of casting products and processes. CastML is extension of MatML which is an extensible markup language designed specifically for the exchange of materials information. The set of CastML tags allows to describe materials' information as well as technological processes, engineering drawings, products classifications and products manufacturers. CastML is simple, understandable and flexible language which makes it attractive for the specialist involved in any aspect of casting research, development, production, or design. The details on key elements of the proposed language are given. Practical application of CastML is illustrated on the example of an iron castings description.

14

An attempt at formulation of ontology for technological knowledge comprised in technical standards

Macioł A., Wrona R., Stawowy A., Macioł P.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2007

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Vol. 52, iss. 3

381-388

EN

The principal function of technical standards is to facilitate exchange of information between various entities taking part in economic activities. Technical standards mainly comprise the basic knowledge from a specific field of technology. A condition for effective use of this knowledge is putting it in some order and creating mechanisms, which will enable searching for and finding of information. Ordering of knowledge is the task of ontology in the sense of information science. The authors’ intention has been building of an ontology, which would enable access to a detailed knowledge comprised in the content of a standard and not only to a symbol used to designate this standard. This should enable designing of a knowledge exploration system solving the technological problems based on the data and rules recorded in numerous standards. The ontology will make basis for further development and extension of foundry knowledge using the results of scientific studies and practical experience. This article presents a concept and principles of ontology formulation for the needs of collecting the technological knowledge. In formulation of ontology the RDF (Resource Description Framework) language, used also as a tool for information representation in the resources of global network (WWW), is utilised. Some examples are given of how to record the knowledge comprised in ASTM standards according to the designed ontology along with examples of the rules used in search for information.

PL

Zasadniczą funkcją norm technicznych jest usprawnienie przepływu informacji pomiędzy uczestnikami wymiany gospodarczej. Normy techniczne zawierają jednak także podstawową wiedzę z określonej dziedziny techniki. Warunkiem efektywnego wykorzystania tej wiedzy jest jej uporządkowanie i stworzenia mechanizmów wyszukiwania informacji. Porządkowanie wiedzy jest zadaniem ontologii w jej informatycznym rozumieniu. Naszym zadaniem jest stworzenie takiej ontologii, która pozwalałyby na udostępnienie szczegółowej wiedzy zawartej w treści normy, a nie tylko jej symbolu. Pozwoli to na skonstruowanie systemu eksploracji wiedzy pozwalajacego na rozwiązywanie problemów technologicznych w oparciu o dane i reguły zapisane w wielu normach. Stworzona ontologia stanowić będzie podstawę do rozbudowy wiedzy odlewniczej w oparciu o wyniki badań naukowych i doświadczenia praktyczne. W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję i zasady formułowania ontologii dla potrzeb gromadzenia wiedzy technologicznej. Do sformułowania ontologii wykorzystano jezyk RDF (Resource Description Framework) stosowany do reprezentacji informacji w zasobach sieci globalnej (WWW). W artykule zaprezentowano przykłady zapisu wiedzy zawartej w normach ASTM w zaprojektowanej ontologii oraz zasady wyszukiwania informacji.

15

A hybrid system for acquisition of and access to the data from foundry technical standards

Macioł A., Stawowy A., Wrona R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 7, iss. 3

213-216

EN

The growing importance of automatized systems for interchange of commercial and technical information prompts searching for new forms of knowledge modelling. One of the possible solutions presented in this article is the use of relational databases for acquisition of information comprised in technical standards and of a rule-based reasoning system providing access to these bases. The study describes the structure of a database created under the assumption that concepts describing knowledge will be recorded in data collecting system and not in relational schema. The user is free to define by himself the structure of the knowledge without the need of introducing any changes to the relational schema. At the same time, the reasoning system enables very efficient knowledge searching. At present, tests are carried out on a software operating on a MS SQL Server. The project work and test performance of the system confirm that the adopted assumptions have been right and correct. The development of a new interface is anticipated using internet techniques. As a next step, the information resources collected in the system will be successively expanded using also information sources other than the technical standards.

16

A formalised description of foundry production program

Wrona R., Stawowy A., Macioł A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 7, iss. 3

179-182

EN

Rational designing of foundry enterprises is based on a program allowing for both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of production. Studies carried out in this respect are mainly oriented at the task of establishing a classification system of castings and formalising their description. This article refers to the absolute classification and technological classification of castings existing so far; some principles of the formation of a model of the data on production program have been presented as well. The program was written by the technique of relational databases with description of the documents and diagrams of relations existing between the data.

17

Zastosowanie systemu ekspertowego do doboru technologii wykonania odlewów

Macioł A., Stawowy A., Wrona M.

Archiwum Odlewnictwa

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2006

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R. 6, nr 19

189-194

PL

Wybór technologii wykonania odlewu jest uzależniony od jego pożądanych cech oraz od uwarunkowań i ograniczeń technicznych. Prawidłowy dobór sposobu wykonania odlewu ma istotny wpływ na efektywność procesu wytwarzania, a także poziom spełnienia wymagań klienta. W pracy przedstawiono sposób rozwiązywania tego problemu przy użyciu regułowego systemu ekspertowego. Przedstawiony został model problemu decyzyjnego oraz przykład rozwiązywania konkretnego zadania z wykorzystaniem systemu szkieletowego. Przedstawione zostały także kierunki dalszych badań zmierzających do rozpowszechnienia opisanej metody.

EN

Designing casting process requires extensive knowledge of various casting techniques including their capabilities and limitations. A proper choice of the casting process has a significant influence on the effectiveness of the production process but also on the level of customer requirements fulfillment. This paper presents the model of decision problem and rule-based expert system for the selection of casting process. The shell system has been used to illustrate this concept. The directions for further research are also described.

18

Zarządzanie projektem na przykładzie przedsięwzięcia odlewniczego

Stawowy A., Wrona R., Macioł A.

Archiwum Odlewnictwa

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2006

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R. 6, nr 18/1

15--20

PL

W naukach zarządzania pojęcie projektu nie ogranicza się do przygotowania dokumentacji technicznej, lecz oznacza przedsięwzięcie organizacyjne, w którego skład wchodzi wiele czynności. Projekt charakteryzuje się określonym momentem rozpoczęcia i zakończenia, a wszystkie prace w tym przedziale muszą być koordynowane. W pracy przedstawiono zasady tworzenia sieci PERT oraz algorytm wyznaczania ścieżki krytycznej. Zasady te zilustrowano na przykładzie przedsięwzięcia polegającego na wdrożeniu nowego odlewu do produkcji.

EN

A project is a complex, often large-scale task that consists of several works. The project lasts exact period of time and all works within it must be coordinated. It is imperative to have an effective means to plan and control all activities. In this paper the principles of PERT method and the critical path calculating algorithm are presented. This concept is illustrated with example project which consists in new casting developing.

19

Algorytm ewolucyjny do szacowania kosztów wyrobów odlewniczych

Stawowy A., Wrona R., Macioł A.

Archiwum Odlewnictwa

|

2006

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R. 6, nr 18/1

21--26

PL

Zadaniem klasyfikacji wyrobów jest podział wyrobów na rozłączne grupy, na podstawie wybranych własności. Odlewy powszechnie klasyfikowane są na podstawie kryteriów określających materiał, wagę, wymiary, wielkość partii produkcyjnej, grubość ścianki, parametry jakościowe i wskaźniki kształtu. Na bazie prawidłowo przeprowadzonej klasyfikacji możliwe jest opracowanie algorytmu szybkiego doboru technologii i szacowania kosztów dla nowych wyrobów (zamówień). W pracy zaprezentowano dokładny opis algorytmu ewolucyjnego przeznaczonego do tego celu.

EN

The task of products classification is to assign each product to a products group corresponding to common attributes. The castings are commonly classified taking into account the casting material, weight, dimensions, batch size, thickness of a casting wall, acceptance specifications and indices of a form. It is possible to implement the rapid tool for castings cost evaluation on the basis of proper classification system. In this paper the idea of such a tool, based on evolutionary algorithm, is presented.

20

Zastosowanie symulacji komputerowej do projektowania odlewni

Macioł A., Stawowy A., Wrona R.

Archiwum Odlewnictwa

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2005

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R. 5, nr 17

155--162

PL

Systemowe podejście do zadania projektowego wymaga równoległego rozpatrywania zagadnień technologicznych, technicznych, organizacyjnych i ekonomicznych. W referacie przedstawiono koncepcję wykorzystania symulacji komputerowej realizowanej przez zintegrowany system komputerowy do projektowania odlewni. Przedstawiono zasady konstrukcji takiego systemu. Oryginalność rozwiązania polega na wykorzystaniu serwera baz danych jako podstawowego narzędzia do budowy systemu symulacyjnego oraz regułowego systemu decyzyjnego do modelowania procesów planowania produkcji.

EN

A system approach to enterprise design involves concurrent technological, organizational and economical problems consideration. As a consequence there is a need for develop the formal methods supporting design process. In this paper the concept of simulation method employed to foundry design is described. We presented the structure of the computer system, which integrated database for simulation model handling and expert system for modeling of production process planning.