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1
Content available The Influence of Slope Geometry on its Stability: Spatial and Plane Analysis
Zabuski L.
Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics
|
2018
|
Vol. 65, nr 4
243--254
EN
The paper presents the results of numerical calculations of the stability and deformation process of several idealized slopes performed by the elasto-plastic finite difference method, using the commercial codes FLAC3D and FLAC2D. The results of 3D analysis of these slopes are compared with those obtained by the 2D method. The behaviour of slopes of different shapes and inclinations was analyzed. The calculations were carried out for flat, concave and convex slopes inclined at 30°, 45° and 60°, taking into account the influence of the lateral constraints of the slope. Two variants of the medium were analysed, i.e. the mass with no friction and with no cohesion. A comparison of 3D calculation results with those obtained by the 2D limit equilibrium analysis indicates that the 3D approach produces almost always higher safety factors than does the 2D method.
2
Content available Analysis of Slope Creep in the Example of a Landslide Slope in Koronowo near Bydgoszcz
Zabuski L.
Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics
|
2018
|
Vol. 65, nr 1
3--10
EN
This paper presents the results of a numerical simulation of a slope deformation process. The landslide slope “Grabina” inKoronowo near Bydgoszcz (Poland) serves as an example.Aslope profile located in the central part of the slope, between the main scarp and the toe of the landslide, was selected. The average dip of the slope is about 10, and its length is approximately 55 m. Elasticity, plasticity and viscosity properties were taken into account in the model of the soil mass that composes the slope. The visco-elastic properties are described by the Burgers model (Mainardi and Spada 2011), and the plastic ones by the Coulomb-Mohr law.Anumerical simulation was carried out by the computer code FLAC2D in the plane strain state with the assumption of the Lagrange routine. The model was discretized taking into account the results of inclinometric measurements, which proved that the slide movement was concentrated in a narrow loam zone of 0.5–1.0 m thickness. No tests of the viscosity parameters were performed, so they were determined by the back analysis and a trial and error method. The calculation results were verified by comparison with the displacement measured by the inclinometric method in three boreholes. The analysis performed demonstrated the possibility of approximating and forecasting landslide displacements by the combined Burgers and Coulomb-Mohr models.
3
Content available Influence of the Geometry Alteration of the Landslide Slope on its Stability: A Case Study in the Carnian Alps (Italy)
Zabuski L., Bossi G., Marcato G.
Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics
|
2017
|
Vol. 64, nr 2
101--114
EN
The paper presents the principles of the slope reprofiling and proves the effectiveness of this stabilization measure. The case study of two adjacent landslides in the National Road 52 “Carnica” in the Tagliamento River valley, the Carnian Alps (462304900N, 124205100E) are the example allowing for illustration of this approach. The phenomena have been studied for more than a decade, making it possible to carry out a detailed geological and geomorphological reconstruction. That was done on the basis of a large amount of monitoring data collected during that period. Since the landslides are threatening an important road, countermeasure works to ameliorate the stability conditions of the slides need to be designed. The paper focuses on the creation of a numerical model consistent with monitoring data and capable of reconstructing the dynamics of both landslides. Two cross-sections, one for each landslide, were selected for the analysis. The geometry of the slip surface was determined on the basis of control points, such as slip surface readings from inclinometers, and geomorphological evidence for the contour. The FLAC2D code was used to evaluate the current stability of these landslides and to determine the effectiveness of changing the slope geometry by removing material from the upper part of the slope and putting it to the lowest part as reinforcement.
4
Content available Analysis of Dune Erosion on the Coast of South Baltic Sea Taking into Account Dune Landslide Processes
Szmytkiewicz P., Zabuski L.
Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics
|
2017
|
Vol. 64, nr 1
3--15
EN
An analysis was carried out to determine the influence of landslide process at a few meters depth under the dune surface on the rebuilding of the dune. In the first step, calculations were done using the XBEACH model to determine seabed rebuilding as well as shore and dune undercutting for the assumed hydrologic and hydrodynamic conditions. Next, the obtained tachymetric profile of the dune and beach was fed into the FLAC2D program, and calculations of stress distribution, displacements and stability conditions were made. In this way, landslide movement was identified. The theoretical investigations clearly prove that waves attacking the dune not only cause surface erosion, but also trigger a landslide within the dune mass to a maximum depth of about 5 m. It results in a lowering of the dune crown by about 0:6 0:7 m. Numerical models such as XBEACH, SBEACH or CSHORE do not take into account landslide occurrence, and thus underestimate dune erosion.
5
Content available Landslide susceptibility and risk assessment in a non-mountainous region : a case study of Koronowo, northern Poland
Mrozek T., Laskowicz I., Zabuski L., Kulczykowski M., Świdziński W.
Geological Quarterly
|
2016
|
Vol. 60, No. 3
758--769
EN
The study deals with landslide threats in a low-relief region which exemplifies an area rarely perceived as prone to such geohazards. Actually, in the gently undulated landscape in the vicinity of Koronowo at the Brda River (South Pomeranian Lake District, northern Poland) intensified landsliding was observed in the recent years. The field mapping and examination of air photos showed that endangered terrains are fairly extensive and cannot be limited to initially identified slope failure incidences (hot-spots). The devised landslide susceptibility and hazard map is an outcome of predictive modelling using empirical likelihood ratio function (LR) with respect to seven evidential layers: elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, flow accumulation, surface deposits, depth to glacial raft, land cover as well as the landslide scars. The values of potential losses were calculated based on the mapped land-use categories and current market prices of estates and services. The final map, which resulted from combining landslide hazard with potential losses, shows damage propensity in a spatial scale of the town surroundings. It is meant as a supportive tool for decision-making with regard to allocating funds for stabilization measures or planning placement of new investments. On this background, stabilization solutions for selected sites are assessed in a cost-benefit context.
6
Content available Kompleksowe badania osuwisk w dolinie Brdy w Koronowie k. Bydgoszczy
Zabuski L., Mrozek T., Świdziński W., Kulczykowski M., Laskowicz I.
Przegląd Geologiczny
|
2014
|
Vol. 62, nr 9
472--480
EN
In the recentyears intensified landslidingwas observed in the surroundings and in the town of Koronowo near Bydgoszcz. (Krajeñskie Lake District). The gently undulated moraine upland, a wide valley of the Brda river, its relatively steep valleysides and incised valleys of tributaries are morphologicfeatures related to modeling by North Polish Glaciation. Quaternary tills alternated with fluvioglacial sands and gravels are underalined by Miocene clay and mud with brown coal intercalations. Due to such morphologic and geologic setting the study area isprone to slope instability. Failure apt soil massifs were assigned to 4 groups. Out of 32 identified landslides, 9 were selected for detailed examination. To register a nature and rate of failures a complex monitoring system was installed on slopes where the selected landslides resulted in severe damages to municipal infrastructure. The system was facilitated with inclinometers andpiezometers, supported by a network of GPS-RTK geodetic benchmarks as well as with a recording weather station. The performed examination revealed that the most unfavourable arrangement of the layers is, when under a non-cohesive soil (e.g. sand, gravel) lies a cohesive impermeable layer (e.g. clay, loam). The landslides are rather shallow ones (except 2 incidents) with slow rate of displacement of an order offew mm/year. The landslide triggeringfactor is water originatingfrom precipitation and snow melting. Influence of water was especially significant in early Spring 2011, due to the combined effect ofsnow melting and infiltration of thawing water originating from the former, exceptionally high rainfalls. The influence of hydrologic conditions on slope deformations is complex. There is a significant timelag between a movement initiation and unfavourable hydrometeorological conditions. That is exemplified with the landslide that was initiated in February-March 2011 in consequence of atmospheric conditions of November-December 2010. The obtained results formed the background for inventing engineering treatment measures aiming at current remedial stabilization of slopes and mitigation ofpossible landsliding in the future.
7
Content available Analiza procesów deformacji zboczy z uwzględnieniem nieciągłego charakteru masywu
Zabuski L., Marcato G.
Przegląd Geologiczny
|
2014
|
Vol. 62, nr 6
308--316
EN
Principles of the rock massif modelling of the slopes as a discontinuous medium and examples of the numerical simulations of the deformation processes in such a medium are presented in the paper. The massif is modelled as a set of blocks, contacting themselves along the joints, so called "interfaces". Four examples of the deformation processes on the slopes using distinct element model and numerical code UDEC are described. The first example concerns the group of the rock blocks in Sudety Mts. The second presents the principles and the results of the slope deformation analysis in Carnian Alps in Italy, whereas in the third one the analysis of the landslide deformations of the rock wall in diabase quarry is presented. Fourth example concerns the analysis of the soil embankment. The possibilities, advantages and disadvantages of the discontinuous approach in jointed rock and soil media modelling are discussed. Popularisation of the discontinuous approach is suggested.
8
Content available Ocena procesów osuwiskowych na podstawie wyników pomiarów inklinometrycznych
Zabuski L.
Przegląd Geologiczny
|
2013
|
Vol. 61, nr 4
248--256
EN
The paper presents the principles of the inclinometric method in the measurements of underground displacements of slopes are described and some example results. The advantages of the method and the practical examples are shown: results of the measurements on the slopes in the flysch Carpathians and Polish Lowland - i.e. in the Beskid Niski Mts., Beskid Ma³y Mts. and in Koronowo near Bydgoszcz. The capabilities of the method are described in detail. These include determination of the depth of the landslide slip surface or zone, description of the slide mechanism (rotational or translational), estimation of displacement rate and its connection with the external conditions, and determination of the movement direction.
9
Content available remote Identyfikacja i monitorowanie procesów osuwiskowych w dolinie Brdy w Koronowie koło Bydgoszczy
Zabuski L., Świdziński W., Kulczykowski M.
Inżynieria Morska i Geotechnika
|
2012
|
nr 6
691-700
PL
System monitorowania zboczy osuwiskowych na terenie Koronowa. Charakterystyka obszaru objętego badaniami i osuwisk. Zasady systemu monitorowania osuwisk i metody pomiarowe. Wybrane wyniki monitorowania, w tym warunki hydrologiczne, hydrogeologiczne oraz procesy deformacji zboczy osuwiskowych.
EN
The monitoring system of the landslide slopes in Koronowo region. Characteristics of the region and landslides. Principles of the monitoring system as well as measurement methods. Selected results concerning hydrological, hydrogeological conditions and deformation processes of the landslide slopes.
10
Content available remote Stabilizowanie nasypów drogowych
Zabuski L.
Zeszyty Naukowo-Techniczne Stowarzyszenia Inżynierów i Techników Komunikacji w Krakowie. Seria: Materiały Konferencyjne
|
2009
|
Nr 88, z. 144
441-461
PL
W artykule przedstawiono mechanizm działania geosiatki komórkowej przy wzmacnianiu podłoża, tj. zwiększaniu jego nośności i zmniejszaniu odkształcalności. Omówiono metody stabilizowania nasypów drogowych przy zastosowaniu geosiatki. Analizowano przykład wzmocnienia geosiatką nasypu istniejącego, na którym wystąpiło osuwisko oraz przypadki nasypów projektowanych na słabym i na nośnym (mocnym) podłożu. Wykazano pozytywny wpływ zastosowania wzmocnienia w postaci warstw geosiatki na stateczność nasypów.
EN
The paper presents the operation mechanism of the geocell layer, reinforcing the soil foundation, i.e. improving its bearing capacity and decreasing deformability. The methods of road embankments stabilisation using geocells have been described. The example of the reinforcement by geocells of the existing embankment, destroyed by the landslide has been analysed as well as the examples of the embankments in a design stage, founded on the weak- and strong bearing foundations. The positive influence of such reinforcement on the embankment stability has been proved.
11
Content available Landslide processes in a flysch massif - case study of the Kawiory landslide, Beskid Niski Mts. (Carpathians, Poland)
Zabuski L., Wójcik A., Gil E., Mrozek T., Raczkowski W.
Geological Quarterly
|
2009
|
Vol. 53, No 3
317-332
EN
Geological setting and precipitation triggers seem to be obvious parameters controlling landslides, but their relation to individual sliding processes has not been clear. We take on interdisciplinary approach (combining Earth science methods with an engineer ing-geotechnical approach) to examine sliding processes in the Kawiory landslide in the Polish Carpathians. Field parameters were obtained from inclinometer monitoring, meteorological records, piezometer data and geomechanical tests. Numerical simulation of the landslide development was performed, both for the reconstruction of the internal deformation phenomena on the slope and for approximate prediction of its future behaviour. An empirical formula describing the relationship between the depth of groundwater level (GWL) and precipitation is presented. The case study showed that for the ob served quasi-continuous creep, the depth and in particular the intensity of GWL fluctuations might be crucial.
12
Content available Numeryczne modelowanie deformacji stoku osuwiskowego - Maślana Góra w Szymbarku koło Gorlic
Rączkowski W., Zabuski L.
Geologia / Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie
|
2008
|
T. 34, z. 4
733-742
PL
W pracy przedstawiono metodę i wyniki numerycznego modelowania procesów deformacji osuwiska na stoku Maślanej Góry w okolicach Szymbarku k. Gorlic (Beskid Niski). Jest to stare, rozległe osuwisko o skomplikowanej strukturze i o zaawansowanych deformacjach, jednak wciąż aktywne. W masywie skalnym zbocza przeważają słabe i miękkie łupki ilaste. Symulacja numeryczna zsuwu przy zastosowaniu programu FLAC 2D opartego na metodzie różnic skończonych pozwoliła na oszacowanie wpływu warunków wodnych na aktywność osuwiska i na wielkość potencjalnego przemieszczenia. Wyniki symulacji wykazały, że równoczesny zsuw całego zbocza jest mało prawdopodobny, natomiast możliwe są zsuwy lokalne o względnie małym zasięgu. Zwrócono również uwagę na możliwość interpretacji procesów deformacji zbocza na podstawie kształtu krzywych obliczonego przemieszczenia w wytypowanych profilach pionowych.
EN
The paper presents the method and results of numerical modelling of deformations on the landslide slope Maślana Góra in neighbourhood of Szymbark near Gorlice (Beskid Niski Mts.). It is complex, large landslide in advanced stage, but still active. The slope is composed of weak and soft clay shale. Numerical analysis performed using FLAC 2D program, based on finite difference method allowed to estimate the influence of water conditions on the landslide activity. It has been proved that the slide probability of the whole slope in the same time is low, but the zones having smaller extent can move gradually. Attention has been paid on the possibility of the interpretation of deformation processes basing on the displacement curves in vertical profiles.
13
Content available Numerical three-dimensional modelling of the landslide process in the Carpathian flysch
Zabuski L.
Polish Geological Institute Special Papers
|
2005
|
Vol. 20
114--118
EN
The paper presents possibility and results of numerical simulation of the landslide movement, performed for three-dimensional (3D) model. As it is commonly known, flysch rock mass has an anisotropic nature and thus exhibits different behaviour, depending on the orientation of the geologic structures with respect to the morphology of the terrain. If two-dimensional (2D) model of the slope built of such rock mass is constructed, many spatial properties are lost. On the contrary, 3D analysis allows taking into account also the spatial distribution of the structures and, in consequence, mechanical properties of the modelled rock mass. The example of the Kawiory landslide slope analysed in the paper illustrates the modelling procedure, and the results proving the advantages of 3D approach. The computer program FLAC3D (Itasca, 1997), based on the finite difference method, was used for simulation.
PL
W artykule omówiono możliwości oraz przedstawiono wyniki symulacji numerycznej ruchu osuwiskowego, wykonanej na przestrzennym modelu zbocza. Fliszowy masyw skalny charakteryzuje się anizotropią i — co za tym idzie — jego zachowanie zależy od orientacji struktur geologicznych w relacji do morfologii powierzchni terenu. Model dwuwymiarowy często nie pozwala na uwzględnienie takich struktur. W takich sytuacjach jedynie zastosowanie modelowania przestrzennego (3D) umożliwia stosunkowo dobre odwzorowanie przestrzennych cech ośrodka. Przedstawiono przykład analizy przestrzennej procesu deformacji zbocza osuwiskowego Kawiory, wykazując zalety metody 3D. Symulację numeryczną procesu przeprowadzono przy użyciu programu FLAC3D (Itasca, 1997), opartym na metodzie różnic skończonych.
14
Content available Numerical modelling of the landslide processes using discontinuous approach
Zabuski L., Marcato G.
Polish Geological Institute Special Papers
|
2005
|
Vol. 20
119--124
EN
Principles and examples of discontinuous numerical modelling of the landslide slopes are presented in the paper. In many cases, rock mass is composed of relatively strong and competent rock blocks, which are intersected with discontinuities, such as joints, faults, fault zones, bedding planes, etc. Deformation process of such system is modelled numerically, using UDEC (Universal Distinct Element Code) computer programme. This approach is explained in the paper, and two examples of numerical simulation of the landslide development illustrate its main features. The first example is concerned with the landslide modelling in a diabase quarry, whereas the second one presents the simulation of the process in the Italian Dolomites. The results prove the appropriateness and usefulness of the discontinuous modelling approach.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zasady i przykłady numerycznego modelowania zboczy podatnych na osuwiska metodą elementów oddzielnych. W wielu przypadkach skały budujące te zbocza składają się ze stosunkowo wytrzymałych i zwięzłych bloków pociętych nieciągłościami, takimi jak spękania, uskoki, strefy uskokowe, płaszczyzny warstwowania itp. Proces deformowania takiego systemu przemodelowano numerycznie, przy użyciu programu komputerowego UDEC, co wyjaśniono na przykładzie dwóch symulacji numerycznych rozwoju osuwisk. Przykład pierwszy dotyczy modelowania osuwiska w kamieniołomie diabazu, natomiast drugi przedstawia symulację procesu osuwiskowego we włoskich Dolomitach. Uzyskane wyniki udawadniają właściwość stosowania modelowania metodą elementów oddzielnych i jego przydatność w tego rodzaju badaniach.
15
Content available Prediction of the slope movements on the base of inclinometric measurements and numerical calculations
Zabuski L.
Polish Geological Institute Special Papers
|
2004
|
Vol. 15
29-38
EN
The slope movement has been examined in 4 boreholes located on it, on the base of systematic inclinometer measurements performed during two years. The movement was equal to few millimetres or even centimetres per year, depending on the borehole. Current deformation activity observed on the slope means that application of any static model for stability calculations would be incorrect. Thus, the mass was modelled as creeping material and calculations of the movement have been carried out using Burger's creep model and finite difference method. The results of inclinometric measurements allowed both for choosing parameters of the model and for verification of calculation results. The measured deformations occurred in shallow range, up to 6 m. Calculations proved that although the soil is nearly homogeneous from a lithological point of view, it has different mechanical parameters with values increasing with depth. Only differentiation of the parameter values depending on the depth allow for confinement of the movement to shallow depth range. The final results show satisfactory agreement between measured and calculated results which developed in two years. The elaborated numerical model could serve as a tool for prediction of further slope deformations.
PL
Na podstawie dwuletnich pomiarów inklinometrycznych w czterech otworach rozmieszczonych na zboczu przeprowadzono badania ruchu osuwiskowego zbocza. Prędkość przemieszczeń wynosiła od kilku milimetrów do kilku centymetrów rocznie. Aktualne deformacje zbocza wskazują, iż zastosowanie do analizy stateczności jakiegokolwiek modelu statycznego jest niewłaściwe. W związku z tym, masyw zbocza modelowano jako materiał wykazujący właściwości reologiczne (pełzanie) oraz wykonano obliczenia procesu deformacji metodą różnic skończonych, stosując model pełzania Burgersa. Wyniki pomiarów inklinometrycznych umożliwiły zarówno dobór wartości parametrów modelu, jak i weryfikację wyników. Mierzone deformacje występowały w strefie płytkiej, na głębokości do 6 metrów. Obliczenia dowiodły, że chociaż masyw jest jednorodny litologicznie, to wartość jego parametrów mechanicznych rośnie wraz z głębokością. Tylko wprowadzenie takiego zróżnicowania do modelu numerycznego pozwala na ograniczenie przemieszczeń do płytkiej strefy. Rezultaty końcowe wskazują na zgodność między wynikami dwuletnich pomiarów i obliczeń. Opracowany model może służyć do prognozowania przemieszczeń zbocza.
16
Content available Landslide susceptibility assessment: a case study from Beskid Niski Mts., Carpathians, Poland
Mrozek T., Poli S., Steracchini S., Zabuski L.
Polish Geological Institute Special Papers
|
2004
|
Vol. 15
13-18
EN
This study involves the integration of multiple thematic datasets for landslide susceptibility assessment through spatial prediction models. The proposed methodology has been applied in the Bystrzanka-Biczyska area (Beskid Niski Mts., Carpathians Mts., Poland), characterised by a very high density of landslides. The susceptibility assessment has been based on an indirect bivariate statistical analysis ("Weights of Evidence" modelling technique, Bonham-Carter et al., 1989) performed in order to predict the occurrence of an event (landslide) where well-known evidences (predictor variables) are available. According to the relative importance of each evidence, a landslide susceptibility map has been produced. Observing final prediction results, it is concluded that the susceptibility map gives useful information both on present instability of the area and its possible future evolution in agreement with the morphological evolution of the area.
17
Content available Interdependence between groundwater level and displacement of the landslide slope
Zabuski L., Gil E., Bochenek W.
Polish Geological Institute Special Papers
|
2004
|
Vol. 15
39-42
EN
The paper presents the results obtained in the measurements of groundwater level and displacements during systematic investigations of the landslide slope "Kawiory" in Szymbark in Beskid Niski Mts. As the relations between water depth in the slope and displacement increments are not clear, new variable is elaborated for expressing the water conditions in the slope and then the dependencies between this variable and slope displacements were analysed.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów poziomu wody podziemnej oraz przemieszczeń, wykonywanych na zboczu osuwiskowym "Kawiory" w Szymbarku (Beskid Niski). Z uwagi na brak logicznych zależności między powyższymi wielkościami, wyznaczono nową zmienną, związaną z warunkami wodnymi w zboczu. Następnie przeanalizowano zależności między tą zmienną a wielkościami przemieszczeń zbocza.
18
Content available remote Numeryczna symulacja procesu drążenia tunelu komunikacyjnego
Zabuski L., Wojtusiak A.
Budownictwo Górnicze i Tunelowe
|
2002
|
nr 3
7-13
PL
W artykule przedstawiono numeryczną symulację procesu drążenia tunelu na przykładzie tunelu drogowego w Lalikach, wykonywanego przy zastosowaniu Nowej Austriackiej Metody Budowy Tuneli (NATM). Projektowany tunel usytuowano na południowym odcinku drogi ekspresowej S-94 Żywiec-Zwardoń. Docelowo przewiduje się tu prowadzenie ruchu drogowego dwoma tunelami równoległymi: w stronę Zwardonia tunelem z jezdnią dwupasmową o spadzie 4 %, w stronę Żywca tunelem o trzech pasach ruchu ze wzniesieniem 4 %.
EN
Numeric simulation of the process of tunnel drilling has been presented in the article on the example of a road tunnel in Laliki done with the use of the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM). The designed tunnel is located on the southern section of express road S-94 Żywiec-Zwardoń. As the objective it is planned to have here a road traffic via two parallel tunnels towards Zwardoń with two lane road with decline of 4 %, and towards Żywiec via a tunnel with three lanes an incline of 4 %.
19
Content available remote Wpływ niektórych błędów wykonania obudowy tunelu na jego zachowanie
Zabuski L.
Budownictwo Górnicze i Tunelowe
|
2001
|
nr 2
12-17
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń stateczności (metodą różnic skończonych) tunelu w obudowie kotwiowej, z betonu natryskowego i łuków stalowych. Modelując układ obudowy, zakładano, że jej elementy nie zostały zainstalowane w sposób idealny i badano wpływ błędów wykonania na zachowanie się wyrobiska. Rozważaniami objęto wpływy niedokładnego kontaktu warstwy betonu natryskowego ze ścianami tunelu, brak spójności między kotwiami a ściankami otworów, niewłaściwe posadowienie odrzwi obudowy na podłożu. Referat na ten temat wygłosił Autor na Konferencji Naukowo-Technicznej "Budownictwo Podziemne '2000" w Krakowie.
EN
The article demonstrated results of calculation of stability (by definite difference method) of the Tunnel with rockbolting and with the support of shotcrete and steel arches. Modelling the layout of the lining it has been assumed that it elements have not been installed in an ideal way and the influence of such errors on behaviour of the working has been investigated. The consideration included the influence of not exact contact of a shotcrete layer with the wall of the Tunnel, lack of cohesion between bolts and wall of the holes, incorrect setting of door frames on the floor. The paper on the subject has been presented by the author at the Scientific-Technical Conference "Underground Construction '2000" in Cracow.
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