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Microscopic Studies of Activated Sludge Supported by Automatic Image Analysis Based on Deep Learning Neural Networks

Dziadosz Marcin, Majerek Dariusz, Łagód Grzegorz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 4

360--369

EN

Paper presents microscopic studies of activated sludge supported by automatic image analysis based on deep learning neural networks. The organisms classified as Arcella vulgaris were chosen for the research. They frequently occur in the waters containing organic substances as well as WWTPs employing the activated sludge method. Usually, they can be clearly seen and counted using a standard optical microscope, as a result of their distinctive appearance, numerous population and passive behavior. Thus, these organisms constitute a viable object for detection task. Paper refers to the comparison of performance of deep learning networks namely YOLOv4 and YOLOv8, which conduct automatic image analysis of the afore-mentioned organisms. YOLO (You Only Look Once) constitutes a one-stage object detection model that look at the analyzed image once and allow real-time detection without a marked accuracy loss. The training of the applied YOLO models was carried out using sample microscopic images of activated sludge. The relevant training data set was created by manually labeling the digital images of organisms, followed by calculation and comparison of various metrics, including recall, precision, and accuracy. The architecture of the networks built for the detection task was general, which means that the structure of the layers and filters was not affected by the purpose of using the models. Accounting mentioned universal construction of the models, the results of the accuracy and quality of the classification can be considered as very good. This means that the general architecture of the YOLO networks can also be used for specific tasks such as identification of shell amoebas in activated sludge.

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Diversity of Peritricha (Ciliophora) in Activated Sludge Depending on the Technology of Wastewater Treatment

Babko Roman, Kuzmina Tatiana, Pliashechnik Volodimir, Zaburko Jacek, Szulżyk-Cieplak Joanna, Łagód Grzegorz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

158--166

EN

The representation of Peritricha ciliates was studied in the activated sludge of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), one of which operates using a technology that includes alternating aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic conditions in bioreactors (Lublin, Poland), and the other – only aerobic conditions (Sumy, Ukraine). During the study, 14 Peritricha species were identified in the WWTP Lublin, and 13 species were identified in the WWTP Sumy. The similarity of species lists was 81.5% (Sørensen index). On the basis of on the similarity and taking into account the occurrence rate (≥ 60%), a common group of Peritricha species characteristic of the activated sludge from these two types of treatment facilities was identified, which includes 4 species of colonial Peritricha: Carchesium polypinum, Epistylis coronata, Epistylis longicaudatum and Opercularia articulata, and also 4 species of solitary Peritricha: Vorticella aquadulcis, Vorticella convallaria, Vorticella infusionum and Vorticella microstoma. Despite the very high similarity in species composition, statistical analysis of the population structure of Peritricha showed a clear separation of two WWTPs with different wastewater treatment technologies. If there is a significant similarity in the species composition of Peritricha, the species, based on their abundance and occurrence, are divided into two groups, focused on different technological schemes. The population structure of Peritricha responds to the changes in purification technology, showing the changes not so much in species composition as in their quantitative structure. The differences in bioreactor conditions and increased effluent treatment efficiency demonstrated by the WWTP Lublin result in differences in Peritricha species structure, which are reflected in higher Peritricha abundance in WWTP Lublin compared to WWTP Sumy.

3

Extended Evaluation of the Impact of Rainfall, Sewer Network and Land Use Retention on Drainage System Performance in a Multi-Criteria Approach – Modeling, Sensitivity Analysis

Szeląg Bartosz, Fatone Francesco, Kiczko Adam, Majerek Dariusz, Białek Anita, Łagód Grzegorz, Piotrowicz Adam, Dąbek Lidia

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 6

291--303

EN

An extensive methodology for analyzing the impact of catchment and sewer network retention on drainage system operating conditions during hydraulic overloading is presented. To evaluate the performance of the sewer system and identify the need for repair actions, logistic regression models were developed to predict the unit flooding volume and manhole overflowing. An advanced sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the key parameters (retention and roughness of impervious and pervious areas as well as sewer channel retention) conditioning the reduction of uncertainty in the simulation results and ensuring the assumed hydraulic effect. A coefficient expressing the quotient of the duration of rainfall conditioning the exceedance of the limits of the unit flooding volume (13 m3·ha−1) as well as the degree of overflowed manholes (0.32) was determined, allowing the determination of the key performance criterion of the sewer network to take corrective action depending on field and channel retention. It was shown that the catchment area retention had the key influence on the conditions of sewer operation and the probability of remedial work. Increasing the rainfall duration led to a decrease in sensitivity coefficients with respect to the identified parameters of the SWMM model, which is important when selecting rainfall events for the calibration and validation sets. The usefulness of the developed methodology was demonstrated at the stage of building mechanistic models, which is of significance when planning field studies.

4

Effect of Surface Hydrophobization on the Durability of Concrete with Cement Kiln Dust

Grzegorczyk-Frańczak Małgorzata, Andrzejuk Wojciech, Hunek Robert, Łagód Grzegorz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 3

214--233

EN

The examinations of concrete involved partial substitution of cement with Cement Kiln Dust (CKD - 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30%). The water/cement (w/c) ratio amounted to 0.36. The obtained findings pertaining to open porosity, density, and volumetric density were found to correlate with the capillary action and absorptivity of the analyzed types of concrete. With the maximum addition of CKD, i.e. 30%, open porosity decreased by 35%. In turn, CKD added in the amount of 5% resulted in a slightly reduced addition compressive strength, amounting to 1.3% and 2.1% following 28 days and 56 days of concrete curing, respectively. After 28 days, the differences in strength were greater when the additive was supplied in higher amounts, i.e. 10%, 20%, and 30%, resulting in 6.5%, 13.4%, and 22.9% decrease, respectively, in spite of strength improvement. In terms of flexural and splitting tensile strengths, comparable relations were noted. As far as the frost resistance test results are concerned, the mass losses in all examined concretes were not significant, reaching up to 0.5%. The strength reduction in the case of the first three series of concretes was below 3%. When the CKD addition was increased to 20% and 30%, the value of the dynamic modulus of elasticity Ec,s decreased to a greater degree, by 8.0% and 14.7%, respectively. The hydrophobization effect is best seen in CKD-free concrete. After the impregnation, the loss of mass following the frost test of the samples is reduced by half. With a higher CKD content, the hydrophobization effectiveness is insignificant. The most favourable results were observed for hydrophobization with the oligomer-based preparation A1.

5

Innovations in Wastewater Treatment – Harnessing Mathematical Modeling and Computer Simulations with Cutting-Edge Technologies and Advanced Control Systems

Drewnowski Jakub, Szeląg Bartosz, Sabba Fabrizio, Piłat-Rożek Magdalena, Piotrowicz Adam, Łagód Grzegorz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 12

208--222

EN

The wastewater treatment landscape in Central Europe, particularly in Poland, has undergone a profound transformation due to European Union (EU) integration. Fueled by EU funding and rapid technological advancements, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have adopted cutting-edge control methods to adhere to EU Water Framework Directive mandates. WWTPs contend with complexities such as variable flow rates, temperature fluctuations, and evolving influent compositions, necessitating advanced control systems and precise sensors to ensure water quality, enhance energy efficiency, and reduce operational costs. Wastewater mathematical modeling provides operational flexibility, acting as a virtual testing ground for process enhancements and resource optimization. Real-time sensors play a crucial role in creating these models by continuously monitoring key parameters and supplying data to predictive models. These models empower real-time decision-making, resulting in minimized downtime and reduced expenses, thus promoting the sustainability and efficiency of WWTPs while aligning with resource recovery and environmental stewardship goals. The evolution of WWTPs in Central Europe is driven by a range of factors. To optimize WWTPs, a multi-criteria approach is presented, integrating simulation models with data mining methods, while taking into account parameter interactions. This approach strikes a balance between the volume of data collected and the complexity of statistical analysis, employing machine learning techniques to cut costs for process optimization. The future of WWTP control systems lies in “smart process control systems”, which revolve around simulation models driven by real-time data, ultimately leading to optimal biochemical processes. In conclusion, Central Europe’s wastewater treatment sector has wholeheartedly embraced advanced control methods and mathematical modeling to comply with EU regulations and advance sustainability objectives. Real-time monitoring and sophisticated modeling are instrumental in driving efficient, resource-conscious operations. Challenges remain in terms of data accessibility and cost-effective online monitoring, especially for smaller WWTPs.

6

Analysis of the Impact of Stormwater Systems on Receiving Waters Based on the Analysis of Algal Community Structure

Kozłowska Aleksandra, Wojtaś Edyta, Piłat-Rożek Magdalena, Cybulski Michał, Łagód Grzegorz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

139--147

EN

One of the important ways to prevent permanent environmental pollution is to constantly monitor its quality, which can be performed in several ways. The present bioindication study analyzed the level of diversity and abundance of biofilm microorganism communities, which illustrate the state of the studied aquatic environment, enabling to determine its quality. The impact of stormwater discharge on the receiver at particular points was evaluated on the basis of the reaction of selected microorganisms or their groups to the substances appearing in the watercourse. The study of indicator organisms gives information about the waters of a given body of water without expensive hydrochemical tests and without causing a burden on the environment during the production as well as disposal of reagents that are consumed in many classical physicochemical analyses. On the basis of selected algal species, the Shannon index and McArthur index were calculated, and the effect of storm sewer discharge on the communities of indicator organisms was determined. The best visible impact of storm sewer discharge was seen on the basis of the entire study cycle in relation to the median of the McArthur index.

7

The Possibility of Using Sewage Sludge Pellets as Thermal Insulation

Kosiński Piotr, Kask Bartosz, Franus Małgorzata, Piłat-Rożek Magdalena, Szulżyk-Cieplak Joanna, Łagód Grzegorz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no 2

161--172

EN

The storage and disposal of sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants is becoming an increasing problem on a global scale. The attention of scientists is directed to the search for unique technologies to manage them. Firing sewage sludge in furnaces and producing lightweight aggregates and granules constitutes an innovative method of its disposal. The resulting granules could be a substitute for commonly used materials such as perlite, vermiculite, expanded clay, or LSA, and could be used as a secondary material in the construction industry, including road construction, as various types of ballast, and as an equivalent to aggregate in concretes. However, given that sewage sludge is increasingly used in biogas production, it does not completely decompose in the process and is still a problematic waste for many municipal treatment plants. Therefore, the use of sewage sludge pellets in construction, or any other industry, could revolutionize the market. The purpose of the conducted research was to evaluate the heat-insulating properties of granules produced from sewage sludge from the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant "Łyna" in Olsztyn used as a heat-insulating material.

8

Zastosowanie wolnoobrotowego systemu mieszania w sekwencyjnych bioreaktorach porcjowych z osadem czynnym

Zaburko Jacek, Szulżyk-Cieplak Joanna, Widomski Marcin K., Łagód Grzegorz

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2022

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Nr 6

36--39

PL

Zaostrzające się wymogi, dotyczące jakości ścieków odprowadzanych do odbiornika, doprowadziły do opracowania wielu urządzeń wykorzystywanych podczas biologicznego oczyszczania. Obecne badania prowadzone w sektorze wodno-ściekowym skupiają się często na poszukiwaniu efektywnych energetycznie rozwiązań technicznych i technologicznych, wywierających jak najmniej negatywny wpływ na środowisko „przy jednoczesnym obniżeniu kosztów eksploatacyjnych. W systemach oczyszczania powszechnie wykorzystuje się właściwości struktur mikroorganizmów w postaci kłaczków osadu czynnego, które usuwają organiczne i biogenne związki zawarte w ściekach. Ważnym elementem powyższego rozwiązania jest zastosowanie układu mieszania i napowietrzania bioreaktorów w odpowiedniej konfiguracji. W oczyszczalni ścieków, z częścią biologiczną, działającej w technologii SBR, stosuje się wiele rodzajów urządzeń do mieszania. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie innowacyjnego wolnoobrotowego systemu mieszania w sekwencyjnych bioreaktorach porcjowych, w których czynnikiem procesowym jest osad czynny.

EN

Increasing demands on the quality of wastewater discharged to the receiving water have led to the development of many biological treatment devices. Current research in the water and wastewater sector often focuses on finding energy-efficient solutions that have the least negative impact on the environment while reducing operating costs. In wastewater treatment systems, it is common to utilize the properties of microbial structures in the form of activated sludge flocs that remove organic compounds and biogenic contained in wastewater. An important part of the solution is the mixing and aeration system configuration used. In the treatment plant operating in the SBR technology, there are many types of mixing devices that are used in the process of wastewater treatment. This paper presents the application of an innovative slow-speed mixing system in sequential batch bioreactors in which activated sludge is a process factor.

9

The Applications of Graph Algorithms to Modeling of Integrated Urban Water Management System

Łazuka Ewa, Futa Anna, Jastrzębska Magdalena, Łagód Grzegorz, Szeląg Bartosz, Fatone Francesco

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 5

277--289

EN

The application of methods using graphs to model a variety of engineering issues has been known for several decades, but the application of graph algorithms to model the urban water management issues is a completely new approach. The article reviews the scientific literature on integrated urban water management systems in terms of the use of graph theory algorithms in this topic. Such a review has not been done before and constitutes a completely novel study. Some of the algorithms presented are directly derived from graph theory, while others were developed from other sciences, including environmental engineering or genetics, to solve specific engineering problems. The paper presents a general scheme and a brief description of the most important components of an integrated urban water management system. The necessary concepts of graphs were defined, the origin and the principle of graph algorithms used in modeling water management issues (Loop-By-Loop Cutting Algorithm, Hanging Gardens Algorithm, Tree Growth Algorithm, Dijkstra’s Algorithm, Genetic Algorithm, and Bayesian Networks Algorithm) were described. Their use in modeling the issues in stormwater, sanitary sewage and water distribution system was described. A complete list of scientific literature in this field was provided.

10

Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Influence of External Wall Moisture on Building Temperature Distributions

Urzędowski Arkadiusz, Zaburko Jacek, Gleń Piotr, Łagód Grzegorz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2021

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Vol. 15, no 3

297--308

EN

In this paper, the authors made attempt to analyse the influence of moisture in the external wall of a building on the distribution of the temperature field, using numerical and experimental methods. Studies were carried out in the places of heat leakage occurring in structural joints of a single-family residential building, built in the traditional technology. In this study, the thermal bridge parameters were calculated by determining the values of thermal and moisture identifiers. For this purpose, two three-dimensional models of the building partition were designed based on an existing structure, and the boundary conditions for simulations were determined. The obtained heat flux values made it possible to perform quantitative calculations of heat flux distributions and temperatures of construction joints within the thermal bridge occurrence area. Moreover, the accuracy of the final temperatures obtained after combining the mathematical models with the values determined from thermograms was evaluated. In order to validate the results of numerical simulation, a test model was used taking into account the parameters specified in PL-EN 15026. The analysis aimed to present the handiness of using the simulation at the stage of planning the design and thermomodernisation of buildings in the places particularly exposed to adverse terrain and atmospheric conditions.

11

Modeling of the Aeration System of a Sequencing Batch Reactor

Zaburko Jacek, Głowienka Radosław, Widomski Marcin K., Szulżyk-Cieplak Joanna, Babko Roman, Łagód Grzegorz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 7

249--256

EN

The use of modern methods as well as modeling and simulation tools in the design of bioreactors allows for the analysis of the flow phenomena in a short period of time without the need of physical model preparation, and thus for the optimization of existing solutions. The article presents the simulations of the aeration process in an SBR-type bioreactor, realized by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and ANSYS 12.1 software. The subject of the analysis was a diffuser of own design. The Design Modeler 12.1 module was used for the preparation of geometry representing the analyzed design, and the discretization of the continuous domain was carried out with the ANSYS Meshing 12.1 tool. The ANSYS Fluent 6.3 solver was used For model calculations. On the basis of the results obtained from the conducted simulations, it is possible to predict the parameters which will increase efficiency and effectiveness without the need to build a real set of prototype models of aeration systems. The results obtained indicate that an increase in the aeration velocity results in a decrease in the minimum Y-axis velocity for both the mixture and air. The observed differences are caused by the shape of the geometric model and the velocity of the air outlet through the openings, which affects the hydraulic process in the chamber. These processes affect both the amount of oxygen dissolved in the bioreactor and the behavior of the suspension in volume. The turbulence intensity during the aeration process is concerned mainly in the range from 3.9 to 8.7% and is comparable with the average values of turbulence degree obtained by other researchers. The air bubble diameter ranged from 0.3 to 4.5 mm, in the case of aeration velocity 5.68 cm/s, a significant part of the chamber were air bubbles with a diameter of 2.6 to 3.9 mm, i.e. they were not the limit values.

12

Evaluation of Stormwater System Influence on the River Using Algae

Babko Roman, Szulżyk-Cieplak Joanna, Danko Yaroslav, Duda Sylwia, Kirichenko-Babko Marina, Łagód Grzegorz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 2

214--221

EN

One of the widespread sources of river pollution is the wastewater coming from both wastewater treatment plants and the stormwater system. Wastewater can vary significantly in composition and concentration of substances introduced into water bodies. Municipal effluents may contain significant amounts of organic matter and ammonia. Storm drains are diverse in composition and depend on the nature of the surface from which the water collects, but carry more suspended solids and less nutrients. The research was aimed at assessing the effect of surface runoff collected by the stormwater system from the territory of the city of Lublin on the Bystrica River using popular environmental indices, calculated on the basis of periphytonic algae species abundances: species number, Shannon’s H, rarefied species number, Pielou’s evenness, trophic diatom index (TDI). It was observed that the correspondence between a species diversity and the quality of the environment is not always straightforward. Therefore, the periphytonic algae diversity increases under the influence of runoff, as evidenced by the Shannon index. Nevertheless, pronounced changes are noted in the structure of the algal community, as shown by the Pielou index and NMDS. However, these changes in the structure are invisible if the trophic diatom index (TDI) is relied upon.

13

Effect of Stormwater System on the Receiver

Babko Roman, Szulżyk-Cieplak Joanna, Danko Yaroslav, Duda Sylwia, Kirichenko-Babko Marina, Łagód Grzegorz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 6

52--59

EN

The surface water quality assessment could be based on a combined physical and chemical analysis, but it could also be determined with bioindication methods. Classical physicochemical analysis is in most cases more expensive and time-consuming than the bioindication methods. This type of analysis also requires expensive equipment and shows the situation in the water only at the moment of sampling. Although the bioindication methods are often complicated, they allow a relatively inexpensive estimation of the water quality. Moreover, during their implementation, the substances harmful to the environment are not generated, and the obtained results usually reflect the total interaction of all factors and substances to the analyzed living organisms. Indicator organisms or their communities applied to the research, with identified ranges of tolerance to selected factors, could help to determine the physical and chemical parameters of water. This paper presents a bioindication study with an effect of stormwater system on the receiver – the Bystrzyca river, in Lublin, Poland. The level of saprophyty of the river sector was calculated based on the selected species of algae (diatoms and green algae) and the influence of the stormwater discharge on the communities of these organisms was determined.

14

The possibility of utilization of sewage sludge as a filler in production of the lightweight aggregate concrete

Suchorab Zbigniew, Barnat-Hunek Danuta, Franus Małgorzata, Łagód Grzegorz, Pavlík Zbyšek

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2019

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Vol. 26, nr 3

559--570

EN

The article presents the laboratory investigations of the basic thermal and hygric parameters of standard lightweight aggregate-concrete and lightweight aggregate-concrete supplemented with municipal sewage sludge. Both types of concrete are based on light aggregates, commonly used in the Polish building market. In order to improve the hygric parameters of the material, such as water absorptivity, the admixture of water emulsion of reactive polisiloxanes was applied. Within the presented research, together with basic moisture parameters estimation, capillary rise process was monitored using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) modified sensors. Hygric parameters were supplemented with the estimation of thermal conductivity coefficient λ determined using stationary method. The analysis of thermal and hygric properties of concrete confirmed the applicability of lightweight aggregate-concrete with sewage sludge supplementation for further production.