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1

Bomby ekologiczne – jak się zabezpieczyć?

Orczewska A.

Przegląd Komunalny

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2015

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nr 10

52--54

PL

Zagrożenie, jakie stwarzał wypełniony po brzegi odpadami niebezpiecznymi magazyn w miejscowości Komorniki w gminie Kleszczewo, udało się zlikwidować, jednak aby w przyszłości uniknąć podobnych niebezpiecznych sytuacji, władze powiatu poznańskiego postulują wprowadzenie konkretnych zmian w przepisach.

2

The impact of beavers' (Castor fiber L.) lodges on vascular plant species diversity in forest landscape

Obidziński A., Orczewska A., Cieloszczyk P.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 1

63-73

EN

Beavers lodges represent specific, zoogenic habitats. Their flora show some distinctive features differentiating them from the species composition of the areas surrounding the lodges. Studies were conducted in the Romincka Forest, in north-eastern Poland. Although lodges and their surroundings did not differ in the total number of vascular plants recorded in their area, the 40 beavers lodges studied had a significantly higher mean species richness, however half of the total species cover compared with the lodges' surroundings. Species from the Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae and Asteraceae families were more often present in lodges rather than in their surroundings. Within the lodges there were more species tolerating disturbance (r strategy), more hemicryptophytes and therophytes, more species associated with eutrophic habitats and of neutral soil reaction. Aside from this, species from the Alnetea glutinosae, Bidentetea tripartiti, Scheutzerio-Caricetea, Artemisietea vulgaris, and Stellarietea mediae classes had a bigger share compared to lodges. surroundings. Finally, there were also more euhemerobic species recorded in that habitat. By contrast, the communities which surround the lodges had a higher representation of stresstolerant species (s strategy), typical for mesotrophic habitats with acidic soils and more mesohemerobous and urbanophobous species. The above mentioned tendencies allowed to conclude that beavers. lodges contribute to the increase in the diversity of habitats and subsequently may be regarded as an important factor influencing flora and vegetation biodiversity.

3

Migration of herb layer species into the poorest post-agricultural pine woods adjacent to ancient pine forests

Orczewska A., Fernes M.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 1

75-85

EN

The recovery of species composition typical for ancient forests in recent woods is a very slow process and may last for decades or even centuries. It is enhanced only when postagricultural woods are adjacent to ancient ones. However, even in such a situation of the spatial contact of both forest types, colonization of recent woods by true forest species is a gradual process. According to studies focusing on the behaviour of individual species and their colonization rates into recent woods, it can be concluded that in more fertile habitats the migration process proceeds faster than on poorer sites. Thus, studies were conducted on light, acidic soils both in ancient and in adjoining post-agricultural pine woods (the Dicrano-Pinion Libb. 1933 alliance) and were focused on the process of the colonization of the herbaceous layer by woodland flora in recent woods. In eight transects 80 m in length perpendicular to the ancient/recent ecotone and consisting of 10 sample plots of 16 m2 laid out at intervals of 4 m, the percentage cover of herb layer species was recorded. The migration rates (based on the occurrence of the farthest individual and on the occurrence of the maximum cover of a species) for 12 forest species were calculated. The mean migration rate for all species reached 0.54 m yr[^-1] when based on maximum cover and 0.67 m yr[^-1] when based on the farthest individual and appeared to be lower than those reported in investigations in more fertile and moister habitats. The migration rates for individual species ranged from 0 to 1.21 m yr[^-1] and were also lower than in more fertile, black alder woodlands. The migration pattern of Vaccinium myrtillus L., the most abundant species in pine woods, fits the model based on the establishment of isolated individuals. The cover of most woodland species increased with the increasing age of a recent wood. Herb layer recovery on such sites is slower than in the more productive, fertile habitats of broadleaved forests. The ancient and recent pine woods investigated here differed in herb layer species composition despite the secondary succession having lasted for over 50-60 years.

4

Colonization capacity of herb woodland species in fertile, recent alder woods adjacent to ancient forest sites

Orczewska A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 2

297-310

EN

The herb layer recovery in post-agricultural woods adjacent to ancient forests has not yet been studied for the wettest European woodlands, like those with black alders (Alnus glutinosa L. (Gaertn.)). Therefore, the studies aimed at: I. checking which herbs from the Polish list of ancient woodland species that are present in the alder woods show an association with these woods (AAWS=Ancient Alder Woodland Species); II. presenting their ecological profile (spectra of life forms, life strategies, dispersal modes, phytosociological affinity, and Ellenberg indicator values), and III. comparing the dispersal potential and other traits of species recorded more often in ancient woods (AAWS) vs the Polish ancient woodland indicators frequently present in ancient and recent alder woods (OAWS = Other Ancient Woodland Species). The survey was carried out in Alnus glutinosadominated woodlands, located in south-western Poland. The study sites are located within large forest complexes, where they occupy either periodically waterlogged sites or other places with a high level of groundwater. In the case of ancient woods, wet types of an oak-hornbeam community (Tilio-Carpinetum Tracz. 1962 or Galio-Carpinetum Oberd. 1957) (11 sites), alder-ash carrs (Fraxino-Alnetum W. Mat. 1952) (12 sites) and typical wet alder woods (Ribeso nigri-Alnetum Sol.-Górn. (1975) 1987) (10 sites) were investigated. The ancient woodland sites varied in size from 0.73 ha to 15.54 ha. Recent woods, adjacent to these sites, included black alder stands planted on former meadows. The area of their patches ranged from 0.72 ha to 8.6 ha. Post-agricultural woods represented the following age classes: up to 10 years, 11-20, 21-30, 31-40, and 41-50 years. The process of colonization of recent woods by woodland flora was investigated in 33 transects, approximately 80 m in length by 4 m in width, consisting of 10-12 quadrates, 16 m2 each, laid out at intervals of 4 m, perpendicularly across the ancient-recent border. In total 131 quadrates in the ancient wood, 198 in the recent woodland, and 34 in the ecotone zone were investigated. The migration rates (m yr[^-1]) based on the occurrence of the farthest individuals, were calculated for over 50 woodland species. The original lists of species obtained from the transects were completed after detailed inspections of the whole area of adjacent forest sectors where the studies on the colonization process were undertaken. Then, the frequency of herb layer species in ancient and recent woods was compared (Fisher exact probability test). The mean migration rates of species from the AAWS and OAWS groups were calculated. Although 62 herbs from the group of ancient woodland indicators for Poland were recorded in the course of the studies, only 21 of them occurred significantly more often in alder woods. The mean migration rate for herbs from AAWS was significantly lower (0.68 m yr[^-1]) than in the case of the OAWS group (1.54 m yr[^-1]). This indicates that true woodland herbs differ distinctively in their dispersal potential. Species from those two sets also showed some differences in their ecological requirements. Such results allow a conclusion to be reached that in wet and fertile recent forests adjacent to ancient source woods, recolonization of the herbaceous layer by typical woodland flora proceeds faster than in other, less fertile and drier habitats. This in turn explains why many true woodland species do not occur in ancient woodland sites exclusively. They are often recorded in recent woods, as they are able to colonize such sites reasonably fast.

5

Ecology of an alder carr Ribeso nigri-Alnetum Sol.-Górn. (1975) 1987 community in an area of subsidence caused by coal mining (Chorzów area case study)

Orczewska A., Badach B., Cabała S., Wach J.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2007

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nr 133 (13)

333-347

EN

Studies were made of the influence of the mining industry on the floristic composition, vertical and horizontal structure, and the stand's health condition, of the alder carr Ribeso nigri-Alnetum Sol.-Górn. (1975) 1987 community, in the nature-landscape complex "Uroczysko Buczyna" in Chorzów, Upper Silesia. A single-layered stand, of an average canopy cover reaching 65%, allows for the abundant natural regeneration of black alder. However, one may assume that very dense and concentrated patches of its seedlings will contribute to the low efficiency of the natural regeneration of the stand in the future. The most serious threat to the existence of the alder carr community is the subsidence of the ground caused by coal exploitation, resulting in the creation of a subsidence water basin. Permanent submergence, observed in some parts of the alder carr, has led to the death of many black alder trees. Partial amelioration of the study area is needed to reduce the negative effects of mining and to allow the Ribeso nigri-Alnetum community to persist in the future.

PL

Zbadano skład gatunkowy runa oraz strukturę poziomą i pionową zbiorowiska olsu porzeczkowego Ribeso nigri-Alnetum Sol.-Górn. (1975) 1987 w zespole przyrodniczo-krajobrazowym "Uroczysko Buczyna" w Chorzowie (Górny Śląsk), pozostającym pod silnym wpływem górnictwa, powodującym osiadanie gruntów. Jednowarstwowy drzewostan, o średnim zwarciu nie przekraczającym 65%, umożliwia dynamiczne odnawianie się olszy czarnej. Wydaje się jednak, że zbyt silne zagęszczenie osobników nalotu i podrostu sprawi,że naturalna regeneracja drzewostanu nie będzie w przyszłości efektywna. Głównym źródłem zagrożenia dla trwania tego zbiorowiska jest jednak osiadanie gruntów, spowodowane eksploatacją węgla kamiennego bezpośrednio pod badanym terenem. Przyczyniło się ono bowiem do powstania zbiornika zapadliskowego, którego areał stale się powiększa. Częściowe lub trwałe podtopienie, jakie obserwuje się w niektórych partiach olsu, spowodowało śmierć wielu okazów drzewiastych olszy czarnej. Aby skutecznie zmniejszyć negatywny wpływ górnictwa na zbiorowisko olsu, potrzeba jest melioracja tego obszaru.

6

Floristic analysis of the two woodland-meadow ecotones differing in orientation of the forest edge

Orczewska A., Glista A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 3

365-382

EN

Studies on the transition zones between plant communities using the statistical method by Matuszkiewicz, have been predominantly conducted in forest communities or in ecotones between wetland and meadow communities. Although boundaries between forest and meadow (as a result of human pressure on the landscape, namely forest fragmentation) are of ecological interest, no previous attempts have been made to estimate the width of such ecotones using Matuszkiewicz.s approach. We applied the method in the studies on floristic changes across two, woodland.meadow ecotones (Arrhenatheretum elatioris/Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli typicum and Scirpetum sylvatici/Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli corydaletosum communities), located at forest edges differing in their orientation. The aim of the research was to estimate the width and character of those ecotones and to investigate whether the possible differences in vegetation are related to the prevailing aspect (orientation) of the woodland edge. To characterise the floristic composition of the two adjacent communities, the method of Greig-Smith.s square (16 quadrats of 4 m2 each) was chosen. To determine the floristic changes across each ecotone, transects 38 m in length and formed of 2 x 2 m quadrats were set perpendicularly to the woodland-meadow boundary. Diagnostic species for the main communities were determined and their incidence along the transect was observed. Differences in species composition that were observed along the transects allowed us to distinguish three contrasting sectors. The first one represents typical meadow communities, the second sector represents a typical ecotone, and the third one contains typical woodland communities. Our results showed that the width of the ecotones differed depending on the orientation of the woodland edge. In the transect between Arrhenatheretum elatioris and Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli typicum communities, situated on a SE-oriented forest edge, it was estimated at 10 m, whereas in the second transect, the transition zone between the Scirpetum sylvatici and Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli corydaletosum was narrower, reaching 6 m. This was located on a NW-oriented woodland edge. Our observations confirm the results of many other studies, which show that transition zones between woodland and meadow are wider on edges that receive more light, than in north-facing ones. The differences in the size of the transition zone at the two study sites are clear despite the fact that the two types of meadow communities differed in the number of mowing cycles per season. The Arrhenatheretum elatioris community is mown twice a year, and its ecotone with the woodland is wider than in the case of the Scirpetum sylvatici community. The latter is mown only once in the vegetation season but its transition zone remains 4 m narrower than in the first situation. It seemed that the increase in vegetation management (two mowing cycles instead of one) did not contribute to the reduced width of the ecotone. When looking at the distribution of species representing different syntaxonomic groups, in both transects, no meadow plants from the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class or other species of open habitats were recorded deeper than 6 m into the woodland interior. On the other hand, forest species from the Querco-Fagetea class were found much further into the area of meadow. Thus, no strong pressure of meadow communites on woods was recorded, but the opposite situation, where forest species extended into the meadow area, took place. Such a tendency was observed regardless of the aspect of the woodland edge. Differences in physiological amplitude of species allowed us to distinguish, after Ranney et al. (1981), a group of: meadow-oriented species, which neither occurred in ecotone nor woodland, strongly edge-oriented species, and strongly forest interior-oriented species, avoiding the ecotones and meadows. A group of species present along the whole transect (ubiquitous) was very poorly represented. Contact zones between woodlands and meadows observed in the course of our studies and statistical analysis, give support to the model of a discontinuum. In both ecotones studied, the edge effect was recorded; in transect 1 it can be described as a 'double edge effect' (variable = species richness, has both maximum and minimum in the ecotone close together); negative on the meadow side and positive on the woodland side of the ecotone, and at the second study site as the 'positive edge effect'.

7

Vegetation of the proposed "Bażantka" nature reserve on Głubczyce Plateau in the light of current threats to the forested habitats

Orczewska A.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Inżynieria Środowiska / Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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2004

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nr 131(12)

295-305

EN

The vegetation cover of a small isolated woodland located in the agricultural landscape of the Głubczyce Plateau was studied. The following forest communities of natural character were present there: Ribeso nigri-Alnetum, Fraxino-Alnetum and Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli. The main evidence of transformation of the vegetation cover of the woodland is the presence of the Picea abies-Impatiens parviflora secondary community and the abundant occurrence of Impatiens parviflora in some parts of the natural communities. Another expansive species which, like Impatiens parviflora, contributes to a decrease in the biodiversity of the herb layer, is Carex brizoides. Although some evidence of past disturbance was noticed, the vegetation cover of the wood is relatively well preserved. A proposal has been made to protect the whole woodland as a nature reserve.

PL

Przeprowadzono badania nad roślinnością małego, izolowanego przestrzennie lasu, położonego w rolniczym krajobrazie Płaskowyżu Głubczyckiego. Stwierdzono tu obecność następujących zbiorowisk leśnych o charakterze naturalnym: Ribeso nigri-Alnetum, Fraxino-Alnetum oraz Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli. Głównymi przejawami transformacji pokrywy roślinnej badanego obszaru była obecność zbiorowiska zastępczego Picea abies-Impatiens parviflora, rosnącego na siedlisku grądu oraz masowe występowanie Impatiens parviflora w niektórych partiach lasu. Innym ekspansywnym gatunkiem, który tak jak i niecierpek drobnokwiatowy, przyczynia się do spadku bogactwa gatunkowego w warstwie runa, jest Carex brizoides. Pomimo przejawów działających w przeszłości zaburzeń o charakterze antropogenicznym pokrywa roślinna badanego obiektu jest stosunkowo dobrze zachowana. Z tych względów proponuje się objąć go ochroną rezerwatową.

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Udział Impatjens parviflora dc. w zbiorowiskach leśnych Wyżyny Śląskiej i Płaskowyżu Głubczyckiego

Chmura D., Orczewska A.

Archiwum Ochrony Środowiska

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2004

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Vol. 30, no. 3

117--136

PL

W rezultacie badań fitosocjologicznych, prowadzonych w lasach Wyżyny Śląskiej i Płaskowyżu Głubczyckiego, w latach 1994-2000, stwierdzono obecność Impatiens parviflora w zbiorowiskach borów, borów mieszanych, poprzez lasy mieszane, aż po grupę żyznych lasów liściastych, w tym olsy, łęgi, grądy oraz buczyny. Optimum występowania tego gatunku przypada na grądy typowe. Największe pokrycie osiąga on jednak w silnie zdegenerowanych zbiorowiskach, które wykształciły się wskutek gospodarki zrębowej i nasadzeń.

EN

Phytosociological studies carried out in the forests of Silesian Upland and Głubczyce Plateau during the years 1994-2000 showed a widespread distribution of Impatiens parviflora. It ranges from coniferous and mixed forests to alder carrs, riverside carrs, oak-hombeam phytocoenoses, and beechwood associations. The optimal conditions for Impatiens parviflora are those found in Tilio-Carpinetum typicum. Nevertheless, the highest percentage cover of that species occurred in heavily degenerated communities which were the result of clear-felling and tree planting.