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1

The programmable steering machine for the electric lightweight vehicle

Jemioł Leszek, Wołczyński Zbigniew, Rimkus Alfredas, Smigins Ruslans, Górska Milena, Purtak Mateusz

Journal of civil engineering and transport

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2023

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Vol. 5, No. 1

25--36

EN

In this paper a programmable steering machine (PSM) and the lightweight electric powered vehicle, designed and made at the Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom (UTH Radom) have been presented. Both these technical objects are the result of the project carried out by the Student Research Group “Turbodoładowani”. The steering machine has been developed with the programmable algorithms allowing to execute a controllable movement of the vehicle steering wheel. After execution, the system does not need an interaction with the driver. For this reason, a higher repetition of the vehicle traction measurements can be achieved. Such confirmation obtained in tests within which the time waveforms of rotation angle of the steering wheel by a set value of 45, 90, 180 and 360 degrees was recorded. In particular, the accuracy index for mentioned test conditions was calculated. Obtained results, expressed by the average value of the sensitivity index were lower than 2% within the tests carried out for ±45 degree maneuvers. In case of other tests i.e., for ±90, ±180 and ±360 degree maneuvers the accuracy index value was lower than 0.3%. In this way, it was confirmed that the tested PSM reached the appropriate operating parameters necessary for vehicle traction tests.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono programowalną maszynę sterującą (PMS) oraz lekki pojazd o napędzie elektrycznym, zaprojektowane i wykonane na Uniwersytecie Technologiczno-Humanistycznym w Radomiu (UTH Radom). Oba te obiekty techniczne są efektem projektu realizowanego przez Studenckie Koło Naukowe „Turbodoładowani”. Maszynę sterującą opracowano z programowalnymi algorytmami pozwalającymi na wykonanie sterowanego ruchu kierownicą pojazdu. Po wykonaniu system nie wymaga interakcji z kierowcą. Z tego powodu można uzyskać większą powtarzalność pomiarów trakcji pojazdu. Potwierdzenie takie uzyskano w badaniach, w których rejestrowano przebiegi czasowe kąta obrotu kierownicy o zadaną wartość 45,90, 180 i 360 stopni. W szczególności obliczono wskaźnik dokładności dla wspomnianych warunków testowych. Uzyskane wyniki wyrażone średnią wartością wskaźnika czułości były niższe niż 2% w badaniach przeprowadzonych dla manewrów ±45 stopni. W przypadku pozostałych badań tj. dla manewrów ±90, ±180 i±360 stopni wartość wskaźnika celności była mniejsza niż 0,3%. Potwierdzono w ten sposób, że badany PSM osiągnął odpowiednie parametry eksploatacyjne niezbędne do badań trakcji pojazdu.

2

Environmental Aspects of a Common Rail Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel/Diesel Blends

Lotko Wincenty, Smigins Ruslans, Tziourtzioumis Dimitrios, Górska Milena

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2022

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Vol. 16, no 5

192--201

EN

The purpose of the study was the research concerning the emissions of limited exhaust gas components of the AVL research engine equipped with Common Rail injection system, fuelled with different biodiesel blends and diesel fuel as reference. In details, the engine was powered with mixtures of rapeseed methyl esters (RME) with DF in the volumetric ratios of 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50. The tests were performed at: 1200, 1700 and 2200 rpm and the torque T = 5…35 Nm (step 5 Nm). The analysis of the obtained results showed that the emissions of hydrocarbons (HC) from the tested engine fuelled with biodiesel are lower than that of diesel fuel. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are also lower, except for low rotational speeds and low engine load T = 5…20 Nm. As for nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, it is also lower than that for the diesel fuel, except for high engine loads, in the range above 25 Nm, for each rotation speed of the engine load characteristics. Moreover, in this research it was confirmed that emission of particulate matter (PM) is also slightly reduced for the engine fuelled with tested blends.

3

Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Water-Diesel Microemulsions

Górska Milena, Skrzek Tomasz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2020

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Vol. 14, no 3

83--92

EN

In this study, an experiment was conducted to examine the AVL research diesel engine using two kinds of waterdiesel (W-D) fuel microemulsions. These W-D mixtures contained 3.5 and 7.0% by volume (%, v/v) of distilled water dispersed in regular diesel fuel meeting the requirements of the EN590 standard. The engine was tested under the conditions of low, moderate and higher loads. This research was focused on the emission characteristics of nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ) and nitrogen monoxide (NO). Cumulative emission of NOx was also analyzed before being further discussed. The obtained results of this study showed that the addition of distilled water to the regular diesel fuel has a minor effect on the variation of the nitrogen oxides emission. It was confirmed that NO is the main component of NOx detected in the exhaust stream of the AVL engine fuelled with all tested fuels. It proves that the thermal mechanism of the nitrogen oxides formation was dominant in the combustion process. Moreover, it was found that the addition of water dispersed as microemulsion in diesel fuel had a minor effect on the reduction of the NOx emission.

4

Investigation of Harmful Chemical Compounds from Dual-Fuelled Diesel Engine

Smigins Ruslans, Skrzek Tomasz, Górska Milena, Pawlak Grzegorz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2020

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Vol. 14, no 4

21--29

EN

This paper investigated the impact of the exhaust gas recirculation on the concentration of selected harmful chemical compounds from the AVL 5402 research diesel engine powered with diesel fuel (DF) and compressed natural gas (CNG). The engine was operated in the dual fuel mode. It means that the engine was conventionally fuelled by regular diesel fuel and simultaneously by CNG dosed into the inlet pipe. The necessary tests were carried out for the mixtures containing 30, 50 and 70% of CNG (by energy content) in the total chemical energy delivered together with diesel fuel (DF) into the combustion chamber. The research was conducted for the stationary conditions of the engine operation at 1200 rpm and constant 1004 Joules of a fuel chemical energy delivered in each cycle into the combustion chamber. Under such conditions, the impact of the EGR rate changed in range of 0–50% on the emissions of selected unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) as well as particulate matter (PM), was evaluated. The obtained results confirmed that the EGR system is effective in the reduction of the NOx formation for all tested fuel mixtures. Nevertheless, it was found that the addition of CNG combusted in the diesel engine generates more harmful pollutants in comparison with diesel fuel. However, in some cases the concentration of NOx as well as PM was comparable or lower. It suggests that the combustion of CNG in diesels allows achieving environmental benefits. In this case, further optimization of the engine fuel supply system is necessary.

5

Badanie wpływu mikroemulsji wodno-paliwowych na okres zwłoki samozapłonu w silniku o zapłonie samoczynnym

Lotko Wincenty, Longwic Rafał, Górska Milena

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 6

924--927

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących wpływu wody zdyspergowanej w mikroemulsji paliwowej na zmianę okresu jej samozapłonu. Określono wybrane właściwości fizyczno-chemiczne oleju napędowego (ON) oraz testowanych mikroemulsji zawierających 4 lub 8% mas. wody destylowanej. Paliwa te wykorzystano do zasilenia silnika badawczego firmy AVL. Wyniki potwierdziły, że obydwie testowane mikroemulsje wodno-paliwowe charakteryzowały się mniejszą skłonnością do samozapłonu niż ON.

EN

Gas oil and its aq. microemulsions (4 and 8% by mass) were tested as fuel in diesel engine. Both tested microemulsions had lower ability for self-ignition than the gas oil. Selected phys.-chem. properties of tested fuels were detd.

6

Wpływ eteru dietylowego w mieszaninie z olejem rzepakowym na emisję limitowanych składników spalin silnika AVL

Stobiecki Jerzy, Górska Milena

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2019

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R. 20, nr 12

200--204

PL

W artykule opisano wyniki badań dotyczące emisji limitowanych składników spalin z jednocylindrowego, badawczego silnika firmy AVL serii 5402 zasilanego mieszaninami oleju rzepakowego i eteru dietylowego. W badaniach wykorzystano olej rzepakowy do którego dodano 10, 20, 30 i 40 % objętościowo eteru dietylowego. Oceniono właściwości fizykochemiczne przygotowanych mieszanin paliwowych i ich wpływ na emisję limitowanych składników spalin, a w szczególności cząstek stałych, tlenków azotu oraz niespalonych węglowodorów. Stwierdzono, że dodatek DEE do oleju rzepakowego sprzyja zmniejszeniu emisji szkodliwych składników spalin do otoczenia, a w szczególności cząstek sadzy oraz niespalonych węglowodorów. Eter dietylowy dodany do oleju rzepakowego nie ma istotnego znaczenia na zmianę emisji tlenków azotu. Wskazany problem stanowi barierę typową dla procesu spalania paliwa i w niewielkim stopniu jest zależny od jego rodzaju. Mając to na uwadze należy stwierdzić, że ograniczenie emisji NOx do otoczenia wymaga zmiany spalania paliwa w kierunku realizacji tzw. procesu niskotemperaturowego. W konwencjonalnych systemach spalania redukcja emisji NOx w dalszym ciągu będzie wymagała stosowania dodatkowych układów oczyszczających jak np. SCR tj. selektywna redukcja katalityczna.

EN

The paper describes the results of research on the emission of limited exhaust components from a single-cylinder, research engine of the AVL series 5402 powered by mixtures of rapeseed oil and diethyl ether. Rapeseed oil was used in the research, to which 10, 20, 30 and 40% by volume of diethyl ether was added. The physicochemical properties of the prepared fuel mixtures and their impact on the emission of limited exhaust components, in particular particulates, nitrogen oxides and unburned hydrocarbons, were evaluated. It was found that the addition of DEE to rapeseed oil helps to reduce the emission of harmful exhaust components to the environment, in particular soot particles and unburned hydrocarbons. Diethyl ether added to rapeseed oil has no significant effect on changing the emission of nitrogen oxides. The indicated problem is a barrier typical of the fuel combustion process and is slightly dependent on its type. With this in mind, it should be noted that reducing NOx emissions to the environment requires a change in fuel combustion towards the implementation of the so-called low temperature process. In conventional combustion systems, the reduction of NOx emissions will still require the use of additional treatment systems such as SCR, i.e. selective catalytic reduction.

7

Selected physicochemical properties of water-fuel microemulsion as an alternative fuel for diesel engine

Górska Milena, Bukrejewski Paweł, Stobiecki Jerzy

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2019

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Vol. 84, nr 2

45--56

EN

The paper focuses on the assessment of selected physicochemical properties of microemulsion containing 5% by mass (m/m) of surface active compounds (SAC), i.e. Span20 and Crilet4 as well as 10% (m/m) of distilled water dispersed in diesel fuel (DF). In particular temperature dependent properties such as: flash point (FP) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) as well as lubricity, friction coefficient, corrosiveness and kinematic viscosity of tested fuels were examined. It was found that the tested surfactants and water added to DF increase microemulsion FP by 13ºC. For this reason, it can be stated that tested microemulsion is safer than typical DF. On the other hand it was found that the CFPP of the tested microemulsion is also adequately higher. It means less usefulness of such fuel during winter periods. Based on the research results it can be stated that addition of tested surfactants slightly worsens the lubricity of DF. However, the same surfactants in the presence of dispersed water reduce the friction in the tribological node and improve the lubricity of the tested microemulsion. Research showed that tested microemulsion system is not corrosive as well as its kinematic viscosity meet requirements of EN590 standard. Based on all these findings, microemulsion is considered as safe and such fuel can be recommended for engine tests without the risk of its damage.