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1
Content available Influence of saw chain type and wood species on the kickback angle of a chainsaw
Kaliniewicz Z., Maleszewski Ł., Krzysiak Z.
Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
|
2018
|
nr 21(4)
323--334
EN
Wood processing operations, in particular debarking, can pose a significant hazard for the chainsaw operator when performed without due caution. The most common hazards with potentially fatal consequences include kickback which occurs when the chainsaw’s guide bar is violently thrown backwards towards the operator. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of wood species and different saw chain brands on the kickback angle of a chainsaw. The kickback angle of a combustion chainsaw was analyzed in a self-designed test stand with the use of a digital level gauge accurate to 0.1°. Four differently priced saw chain brands, including two standard chains and two chains with anti-kickback features, were evaluated. Kickback was analyzed on five wood species (pine, spruce, birch, alder and oak) at three engine speeds (50%, 75% and 100% of maximum rotational speed). Kickback was significantly determined by wood species and saw chain type, and it was less influenced by the rotational speed of the chainsaw engine. The average kickback angle was largest in alder and smallest in spruce. The analyzed parameter was not always reduced by saw chains with anti-kickback features. In some cases, low-priced saw chains with anti-kickback features offer less protection than more expensive standard chains. Chainsaw buyers should decide whether it is worthwhile to compromise on safety in exchange for a lower price.
2
Content available Analysis of variations in and correlations between selected physical parameters of common beech (Fagus silvatica L.) nuts
Kaliniewicz Z., Markowski P., Anders A., Tylek P., Krzysiak Z., Wasielewski W.
Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
|
2018
|
nr 21(1)
49--63
EN
The basic dimensions and the mass of common beech nuts and seeds from five nut batches, harvested from tree stands in northern Poland, were determined. Environmental conditions had a greater influence on seed plumpness than the age of tree stands. The results of measurements were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. Despite differences in their plumpness, nuts were characterized by nearly identical cross-sections which resembled an equilateral triangle. The thickness of nuts and seeds was highly correlated with their mass, and this information can facilitate seed husking and separation into mass categories. Before and after husking, seeds should be separated with the use of a mesh screen with longitudinal openings. Medium-sized (most numerous) seeds were separated into the following plumpness categories using a screen separator with ≠6 mm and ≠7 mm openings: 84% of moderately plump seeds, 3% of seeds with reduced plumpness, and 13% of plump seeds.
3
Content available remote Modelowanie przyczepy do przewozu drewna z wykorzystaniem programu Inventor
Krzysiak Z., Nieoczym A., Bartnik G., Samociuk W., Kaliniewicz Z.
Mechanik
|
2018
|
R. 91, nr 1
79--81
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki modelowania przyczepy leśnej do przewozu kłód drewna. Modelowanie miało na celu stworzenie konstrukcji bazowej i opracowanie na jej podstawie modułów przyczep o nośności 12, 14 i 16 ton. Opisano konstrukcję ramy nośnej przyczepy jako elementu przenoszącego największe obciążenia. W programie Inventor przeprowadzono analizę wytrzymałościową przyczepy, obejmującą rozkład sił tnących, momentów zginających oraz przemieszczeń. Na bazie wyników możliwe było wnioskowanie o funkcjonalności konstrukcji oraz kierunku czynności optymalizacyjnych. Dodatkowo proces projektowania pozwolił na przetestowanie programu Inventor jako narzędzia do zaawansowanych prac projektowych połączonych z analizą wytrzymałościową.
EN
The article presents the results of the modeling of a forest trailer for the transport of logs. Modeling was aimed at creating a base structure and developing trailer modules with a load capacity of 12, 14 and 16 tons. The design of the trailer frame as the load bearing element is described. With Inventor, trailer strength analysis has been performed, including the distribution of cutting forces, bending moments and displacements. On this basis, it was possible to make conclusions about the functionality of the structure and the direction of optimization. In addition, the design process has allowed Inventor to be tested as an advanced design tool combined with endurance analysis.
4
Content available Effect of sonication on the mechanical properties of organic mixed grain bread
Batia-Strynkowska M., Wesołowski A., Kaliniewicz Z.
Agricultural Engineering
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2018
|
Vol. 22, No. 4
5--13
EN
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ultrasound waves on mechanical properties of organic bread. Mixed grain bread baked at a local bakery according to its original recipe was the material subjected to testing. Prior to baking, the dough was sonicated at frequencies of 20 kHz and 40 kHz for 3 minutes, and at a frequency of 100 kHz for 3 minutes and 6 minutes. The mechanical properties of the bread (compression test, penetration test and TPA) were examined after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h following the baking process. The maximum work obtained in the compression test after 24 h following the baking ranged from 616 N to 668 N. On the next day following the baking, the maximum work value ranged from 750 N to 898 N, while after 72 hours, it ranged from 988 N to 1135 N. In the penetration test, the following results were obtained: after 24 hours, the force value ranged from 2.71 N to 3.17 N; after 48 hours following the baking, it ranged from 4.90 N to 6.35 N; and after 72 hours following the baking, from 3.98 N to 6.88 N. As regards elasticity, the obtained results fell within the following ranges: after 24 hours following the baking, from 0.53 to 0.58; after 48 hours following the baking, from 0.43 to 0.55; and after 72 hours following the baking, from 0.40 to 0.45. Gumminess measured after 24 hours following the baking ranged from 8.75 N to 18.71 N; after 48 hours, from 10.83 N to 15.48 N; and after 72 hours, the gumminess values ranged from 15.57 N to 19.06 N. As regards chewiness, the following results were obtained: after 24 hours following the baking, from 8.00 N to 17.59 N; after 48 hours following the baking, from 9.77 N to 13.87 N; and after 72 hours following the baking, from 12.56 N to 16.85 N. The frequencies and durations of sonication applied changed no mechanical properties of the tested bread.
PL
Celem pracy było określenie wpływu ultradźwięków na właściwości mechaniczne chleba ekologicznego. Badaniom poddano chleb mieszany wypieczony w lokalnej piekarni zgodnie jej recepturą. Przed wypiekiem ciasto zostało poddane sonikacji o częstotliwości 20 kHz i 40 kHz przez 3 minuty oraz częstotliwości 100 kHz przez 3 min i 6 minut. Właściwości mechaniczne chleba (test ściskania, test penetracji oraz TPA) zbadano po 24 h, 48 h i 72 h od wypieku. Maksymalna praca uzyskana w teście ściskania po 24 h od wypieku mieściła się w granicy od 616 N do 668 N. W kolejnej dobie po wypieku wartość pracy maksymalnej wyniosła od 750 N do 898 N, natomiast po 72 h wynosiła od 988 N do 1135 N. W teście penetracji uzyskano następujące wyniki po 24 h wartość siły mieściła się w granicach 2,71÷3,17 N, 48 godzin po wypieku 4,90÷6,35 N oraz 3,98÷6,88 N po 72 godzinach od wypieku. W przypadku sprężystości otrzymano wyniki mieszczące się w następujących granicach 24 h po wypieku 0,53÷0,58, 48 h po wypieku 0,43÷0,55, 72 h po wypieku 0,40÷0,45. Gumiastość mierzona 24 h po wypieku mieściła się w granicach od 8,75 N do 18,71 N, po 48 h od 10,83 N do 15,48 N, a po 72 h wartości gumiastości mieściły się w przedziale od 15,57 N do 19,06 N. W przypadku żujności otrzymano następujące wyniki 24 h po wypieku 8,00÷17,59 N, 48 h po wypieku 9,77÷13,87 N, 72 h po wypieku 12,56÷16,85 N. Zastosowane częstotliwości oraz czas sonikacji nie wpłynęły na zmianę właściwości mechanicznych badanego chleba.
5
Content available Design concept and parameters of a conical bar separator
Jadwisieńczak B., Kaliniewicz Z.
Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
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2017
|
nr 20(3)
275--288
EN
The process of adapting a screen separator to seeds of a given species and variety requires a corresponding set of replaceable screens. Screen replacement is a time-consuming process. Screens are often selected from the available size range, therefore, cleaning and separation processes are not always optimized. This study proposes a design concept of a new device for cleaning and separating seeds, which features a conical bar screen that rotates around its own axis. The screen has grooves whose width is smallest at the beginning of the screen and increases along the screen surface. Seeds can be sorted into various size fractions by changing the position of collecting buckets under the screen. The functional parameters of the separating device were designed based on a review of publications describing the size of the most popular agricultural seeds. The basic geometrical relationships in the proposed conical bar screen were described. The geometrical parameters of the screen were selected on the assumption that the radius at which bars are fixed to the screen can range from 200 mm to 400 mm and that bar diameter can range from 5 mm to 10 mm. Two variants of the device were proposed as a replacement for one universal separating screen. The first variant will be used to sort small seeds, including seeds of small-seeded legumes, seeds of major cereal species and medium-sized seeds with dimensions similar to cereal seeds, whereas the second variant will be applied to separate large seeds, including seeds of large-seeded legumes and plumper seeds from the medium-size fraction. The width of grooves at the beginning and end of the screen should equal 1 mm and 5 mm in the first variant and 2.5 mm and 13 mm in the second variant, respectively.
6
Content available remote Dokumentowanie spełniania wymagań w obszarze bezpieczeństwa technicznego na przykładzie dystrybucji paliw ciekłych
Bartnik G., Krzysiak Z., Samociuk W., Łysiak G., Plizga K., Szmigielski M., Nieoczym A., Kaliniewicz Z., Brumerčík F.
Przemysł Chemiczny
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2017
|
T. 96, nr 5
1039--1041
7
Content available Analysis of tank safety with propane-butane on LPG distribution station
Krzysiak Z., Samociuk W., Bartnik G., Plizga K., Dziki D., Kaliniewicz Z., Nieoczym A., Wyciszkiewicz A., Otto T.
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
|
2017
|
Vol. 19, nr 4
99--102
EN
An analysis of the risk of failure in the safety valve – tank with propane-butane (LPG) system has been conducted. An uncontrolled outflow of liquid LPG, caused by a failure of the above mentioned system has been considered as a threat. The main research goal of the study is the hazardous analysis of propane-butane gas outflow for the safety valve – LPG tank system. The additional goal is the development of an useful method to fast identify the hazard of a mismatched safety valve. The results of the research analysis have confirmed that safety valves are basic protection of the installation (tank) against failures that can lead to loss of life, material damage and further undesired costs of their unreliability. That is why a new, professional computer program has been created that allows for the selection of safety valves or for the verification of a safety valve selection in installations where any technical or technological changes have been made.
8
Content available remote Przegląd nowoczesnych technologii druku 3D obiektów metalowych
Tatarczak J., Krzysiak Z., Samociuk W., Kaliniewicz Z., Krzywonos L.
Mechanik
|
2017
|
R. 90, nr 7
612--614
PL
Artykuł zawiera przegląd najnowszych technologii druku 3D obiektów z metalu. Technologie te sklasyfikowano ze względu na sposób podawania oraz łączenia materiału. Wskazano wady i zalety poszczególnych rozwiązań podawania materiału metalowego. Przedstawiono skrótowy opis technologii druku 3D z użyciem materiału metalowego oraz zestawiono producentów oferujących urządzenia do danej technologii.
EN
The article presents the newest technologies of the 3D printing of metal objects. The technologies were classified on account of the way of laying and joining material. The research results are indicated the advantages and the disadvantages of the various methods of joining metal material. There is presented a brief description of the technology of the 3D printing which using a metal material, and lists of manufacturers who offering the device in the technology.
9
Content available Correlations between germination capacity and selected physical properties of perennial ryegrass cv. Maja seeds
Kaliniewicz Z., Jadwisieńczak K., Jadwisieńczak B., Potkaj Ł.
Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
|
2016
|
nr 19(1)
5--16
EN
Perennial ryegrass is one of the most valuable pasture grasses. The species is recommended for sodding various types of land in Poland due to its fast growth and the ability to produce large numbers of vegetative shoots. Seedling emergence and biomass yield are largely determined by seed quality. This study analyzes the correlations between the basic physical properties of seeds of perennial ryegrass cv. Maja and their germination capacity. The basic dimensions (length, width and thickness) and mass of each of the 150 seeds were determined, and their arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, aspect ratio, sphericity index and density were calculated. The seeds were germinated for 14 days, and the results were recorded daily, which enabled to determine germination time for each seed. The relationships between the evaluated parameters were determined by the Student’s t-test for independent samples and correlation analysis. The analyzed physical properties of seeds had no significant effect on the germination rate index. Germinated and non-germinated seeds differed significantly in width, length and arithmetic mean diameter, but they should not be sorted based on their plumpness to improve the quality of seed material because it could lead to a high loss of viable seeds.
10
Content available Basic physical properties of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seeds
Kaliniewicz Z., Markowski P., Anders A., Jadwisieńczak B., Rawa T., Szczechowicz D.
Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
|
2016
|
nr 19(2)
103--115
EN
The range of variations in a given separation parameter and its relationships with other attributes have to be determined for designing seed cleaning and sorting processes. In this study, those relationships were determined for five batches of Norway spruce seeds supplied by a seed extraction plant in Jedwabno. The seeds were harvested from seed stands in northern Poland. The terminal velocity, length, width, thickness and mass of every seed were determined. The results were used to calculate the geometric mean diameter, aspect ratio, sphericity index and density of the evaluated seeds. Those parameters were compared by analysis of variance and linear correlation analysis. Similarities in the average values of all physical properties were noted only between seeds harvested in the same seed zone, from tree stands occupying the same habitat type. The analyzed seeds can be effectively separated into mass fractions with the use of traditional sorting devices such as pneumatic separators, mesh sieves with longitudinal or round openings, cylindrical graders, winnowing machines and pneumatic sieves, in order to achieve more uniform seedling emergence when each seed fraction is sown separately.
11
Content available Selected physical parameters of common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) nuts
Kaliniewicz Z., Tylek P., Markowski P., Anders A., Rawa T., Liedtke M.
Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
|
2015
|
nr 18(4)
247--259
EN
Selected physical parameters of common hornbeam nuts were determined in five batches of nuts harvested from seed tree stands in northern Poland. The results were used to calculate the arithmetic and geometric mean diameters, aspect ratio, sphericity index, volume and density of each nut. The above parameters were compared by analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. Habitat conditions had a greater influence on nut plumpness than the age of the tree stand. Nut width was highly correlated with nut mass, and the above observation can be used in the process of separating nuts into mass categories. When two mesh screens with 5 mm and 6 mm openings are used, nuts will be separated into a fine-sized fraction containing 71.4% of nuts with reduced plumpness, 24.1% of moderately plump nuts and 1.8% of plump nuts, and a coarse-sized fraction containing 2.0% of nuts with reduced plumpness, 43.6% of moderately plump nuts and 54.4% of plump nuts.
12
Content available Frictional properties of selected seeds
Kaliniewicz Z., Markowski P., Anders A., Jadwisieńczak K.
Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
|
2015
|
nr 18(2)
85--101
EN
The thickness, width, length and weight of five seed species (buckwheat, vetch, pea, lupine and faba bean) and their external friction angle were determined on two types of surfaces - steel and rubber. The experiment was performed with the use of a an inclined plane with an adjustable angle of inclination that measures the angle of external friction and the time taken by seeds to travel a given distance, which supports the determination of the coefficient of kinetic friction. The measured parameters were used to calculate arithmetic and geometric mean diameter, aspect ratio and sphericity index. The dimensions, weight and the calculated indicators of the examined seeds did not significantly affect their coefficients of static and kinetic friction or their coefficients of rolling resistance and rolling friction. The studied parameters were largely influenced by the type of friction surface, and significantly lower average values were reported for steel than rubber. In the studied seed species, the static friction coefficient was determined in the range of 0.187 to 0.582, kinetic friction coefficient - 0.134 to 0.479, rolling resistance coefficient - 0.148 to 0.529 and rolling friction coefficient - 0.29 to 1.80 mm.
13
Content available Correlations between basic physical parameters of nuts and the weight of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) seeds
Kaliniewicz Z., Tylek P., Anders A., Markowski P., Rawa T., Andros K.
Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
|
2015
|
nr 18(1)
5--14
EN
Selected physical attributes of common beech nuts harvested from four tree stands in northern Poland were determined. Seeds were manually extracted from every nut. Seeds and nuts were weighed, and the results were used to determine the ratio of seed weight to nut weight, which described the degree of nut filling. Physical parameters and the calculated coefficients were compared by the t-test for independent samples, analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. The following ranges of variation were reported in the physical attributes of nuts and the coefficients of common beech seeds: critical transport velocity of nuts - from 6.33 to 11.28 m s-1, nut thickness - from 4.76 to 9.86 mm, nut width - from 6.46 to 13.54 mm, nut length - from 12.63 to 21.62 mm, angle of sliding friction of nuts - from 15.67 to 26.67o, nut weight - from 93.0 to 513.7 mg, coefficient of sliding friction of nuts - from 0.28 to 0.50, seed weight - from 11.0 to 374.8 mg, and ratio of seed weight to nut weight - from 0.08 to 0.88. The majority of nuts contained one seed (average weight of 195.36 mg), and only 2.3% of nuts contained two seeds (average weight of 103.11 mg). The attribute that was most highly correlated with the ratio of seed weight to nut weight was seed weight (0.685), followed by critical transport velocity (0.527) and weight of nuts (0.493). The results indicate that common beech seeds would be processed most effectively in vibration-pneumatic separators or, alternatively, in pneumatic separators where nut fractions obtained with the use of mesh screens can be sorted separately.
14
Content available Assessment of cereal seed shape with the use of sphericity factors
Kaliniewicz Z., Biedulska J., Jadwisieńczak B.
Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
|
2015
|
nr 18(4)
237--246
EN
Shape is one of the key discriminating factors in seeds. It plays a major role in seed cleaning and sorting, and it influences the bulk behavior of seeds. The shape of seeds can be described with the use of sphericity factors. In this study, the thickness, width, length and mass of principal cereal seeds (wheat, rye, barley, oats and triticale) were determined. The geometric parameters of seeds were used to calculate five sphericity factors for each seed type. The results of measurements and calculations were processed statistically by analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. In the group of the analyzed cereal seeds, the lowest values were noted for sphericity factor K5 in the range of 0.046 to 0.275, and the highest values - for sphericity factor K3 in the range of 0.359 to 0.650. The shape of cereal seeds was mostly highly correlated with: thickness in barley seeds, width in wheat seeds, width and thickness in rye and triticale seeds, and length in oat seeds. All of the analyzed sphericity factors can be used interchangeably to describe the shape of cereal seeds, and the relationships between those factors can be described with linear equations.
15
Jak zostać "lekarzem drzew"? Cz.1
Mańkowski S., Kaliniewicz Z., Markowski P., Choszcz D.
Zieleń Miejska
|
2014
|
Nr 1
36--40
PL
Arborystyka (łac. arbon – drzewo) to słowo, które nie wszyscy kojarzą z dyscypliną naukową zajmującą się uprawą, pielęgnacją, badaniem oraz leczeniem drzew, krzewów, pnączy i innych wieloletnich roślin drzewiastych. W jej ramach są podejmowane działania zmierzające do utrzymania drzew i krzewów w krajobrazie kulturowym w ogrodach, parkach i na innych terenach zieleni.
16
Arborysta (tree worker) i jego sprzęt do pracy na drzewach. Cz. 2
Kaliniewicz Z., Markowski P., Mańkowski S., Choszcz D.
Zieleń Miejska
|
2014
|
Nr 2
31--34
PL
Pozyskiwanie nasion z drzew matecznych, pielęgnacja lub wycinka drzew w trudnych warunkach wymagają specjalistów – arborystów wyposażonych w odpowiednie narzędzia i urządzenia. W tym numerze przedstawimy wybrane elementy ekwipunku, konieczne do sprawnej pracy.
17
Content available Variability in and correlations among selected physical properties of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) seeds
Kaliniewicz Z., Tylek P., Anders A., Markowski P., Rawa T.
Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
|
2014
|
nr 17(2)
123--134
EN
Selected physical attributes of European larch seeds harvested from 2 seed plantations and 2 commercial seed stands in north-eastern Poland were determined. The physical properties of seeds were measured, and the results were used to calculate indicators of seed weight and the frictional and geometric properties of seeds. Physical attributes and indicators were compared by Student’s t-test for independent samples, analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. The average values of physical properties and indicators were determined at: critical transport velocity - from 5.93 to 6.13 m • s-1, thickness - from 1.25 to 1.43 mm, width - from 2.29 to 2.71 mm, length - from 3.71 to 4.57 mm, angle of sliding friction - from 27.85 to 31.98o, weight - from 4.03 to 6.14 mg, coefficient of sliding friction - from 0.54 to 0.63, arithmetic mean diameter - from 2.42 to 2.90 mm, geometric mean diameter - from 2.20 to 2.60 mm, aspect ratio - from 59.60 to 62.38%, sphericity index - from 57.27 to 59.40%, specific weight - from 1.81 to 2.33 g • m-1, volume - from 4.60 to 7.59 mm3 and density - from 0.82 to 0.91 g • cm-3. The material harvested in seed plantations differed from seeds from commercial seed stands in all parameters, excluding critical transport velocity. Seed weight was most correlated with the remaining parameters. The highest value of the correlation coefficient and the equation with the highest value of the coefficient of determination were reported for the dependence between seed weight and seed length. Seed weight was also relatively highly correlated with seed width, therefore, the use of mesh screens with round openings and/or cylindrical grain graders is recommended in seed sorting processes.
18
Content available Analysis of correlations between selected physical properties and color of scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seeds
Kaliniewicz Z., Tylek P., Markowski P., Anders A., Rawa T., Głażewska E.
Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
|
2014
|
nr 17(3)
259--274
EN
Selected physical properties of Scots pine seeds harvested from five plantations in north-eastern Poland were determined. Seed color was determined in a sensory analysis, and seeds were classified into one of four color groups: black, brown, gray or other. The results of measurements were used to calculate indicators of seed weight and seeds’ frictional and geometric properties. Physical attributes and indicators were compared by one-way analysis of variance, correlation analysis and linear regression analysis. The average values of physical properties and indicators characterizing seeds from different color groups were determined at: critical transport velocity - from 7.0 to 7.1 m • s-1, thickness - from 1.48 to 1.50 mm, width - from 2.51 to 2.54 mm, length - from 4.32 to 4.46 mm, angle of sliding friction - from 29.1 to 29.8o, weight - from 6.4 to 6.7 mg, coefficient of sliding friction - from 0.56 to 0.58, arithmetic mean diameter - from 2.77 to 2.82 mm, geometric mean diameter - from 2.52 to 2.55 mm, aspect ratio - from 56.91 to 58.64%, sphericity index - from 57.44 to 58.69%, specific weight - from 2.51 to 2.60 g • m-1, volume - from 7.90 to 8.24 mm3 and density - from 0.80 to 0.82 g • cm-3. Selected color groups differed only in length, aspect ratio and sphericity index. Seed weight was most highly correlated with the remaining attributes, and the highest value of the correlation coefficient and the equation with the highest value of the coefficient of determination were reported for the correlation between seed weight and thickness.
19
Content available Współzależność między zdolnością kiełkowania a wybranymi cechami nasion pasternaku zwyczajnego (Pastinaca sativa L.)
Kaliniewicz Z., Jadwisieńczak K., Choszcz D., Kolankowska E., Przywitowski M., Śliwiński D.
Agricultural Engineering
|
2014
|
Vol. 18, No. 1
39--50
PL
Określono prędkość krytyczną unoszenia, podstawowe wymiary (długość, szerokość i grubość) i masę nasion pasternaku zwyczajnego. Na podstawie dokonanych pomiarów obliczono geometryczną średnicę zastępczą, wskaźnik proporcji, wskaźnik sferyczności i masę jednostkową. Następnie przeprowadzono próbę kiełkowania nasion, sprawdzając jej efekty co 12 godzin, a każdemu z nasion przypisano odpowiednią wartość wskaźnika czasu kiełkowania. Porównano ze sobą powyższe cechy i wskaźniki wykorzystując test t dla prób niezależnych i analizę korelacji. Stwierdzono, że skiełkowane i niekiełkujące nasiona różnią się statystycznie istotnie jedynie pod względem swojej grubości. Pewną poprawę zdolności kiełkowania materiału nasiennego można uzyskać przez oddzielanie od niego nasion najlżejszych. W badanym surowcu nasiennym uzyskanie 65% zdolności kiełkowania wiązało się ze stratami nasion prawidłowo wytwarzających kiełki na poziomie ok. 27%.
EN
Critical velocity of transportation, basic dimensions (length, width and thickness) as well as the mass of parsnip seeds was determined. Based on the measurements which were carried out, a geometrical hydraulic diameter, proportion index, spherical index and unit mass were calculated. A test of seeds germination was carried out by checking out the effects every 12 hours and then appropriate value of the germination time index was assumed to each seed. The above features and indexes were compared with the use of t test for independent tests and the correlation analysis. It was stated that germinated and non-germinated seeds differ statistically significantly only on account of their thickness. Some improvement of the germination ability of the seed material may be obtained by separating lighter seeds therefrom. In the tested seed material, obtaining 65% of germination ability was related to losses of seeds, which correctly produce sprouts at the level of approx 27%.
20
Content available Variability and correlation of the selected physical properties of pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Kaliniewicz Z., Jadwisieńczak K., Zalewska K., Sosińska E.
Agricultural Engineering
|
2014
|
Vol. 18, No. 2
65--75
EN
Basic dimensions (length, width and thickness), critical velocity of transporting seeds, sliding friction angle and the mass of pumpkin seeds, obtained from four fruit of various mass were determined. Based on the measurements, volume and thickness of each seed and its spherical index were calculated. Interdependence between the tested properties and indexes was evaluated based on the test for independent samples, analyses of variance, correlation and regression. It was found that the seeds mass is the most variable property and their length is the least variable. Empty and full pumpkin seeds should be separated with a pneumatic separator, where a vertical air stream of velocity approx. 5 m·s-1 is a separating element. Length and mass of seeds may be used at separation of seed material into quality fractions. As a result of separating the smallest seed fraction, a seed material may be obtained in which after the process of removing the fruit-seed coat, 95% of ripe seeds will be available.
PL
Określono podstawowe wymiary (długość, szerokość i grubość), prędkość krytyczną unoszenia, kąt tarcia poślizgowego i masę pestek dyni zwyczajnej, pozyskanych z czterech owoców o różnej masie. Na podstawie pomiarów obliczono objętość i gęstość każdej pestki oraz jej wskaźniki sferyczności. Współzależność między badanymi cechami i wskaźnikami oceniono na podstawie testu t dla prób niezależnych, analizy wariancji, korelacji i regresji. Stwierdzono, że cechą fizyczną o największej zmienności jest masa pestek, a o najmniejszej – ich długość. Puste i pełne pestki dyni najlepiej jest rozdzielać za pomocą separatora pneumatycznego, gdzie elementem rozdzielczym jest pionowy strumienia powietrza o prędkości ok. 5 m·s-1. Przy rozdzielaniu materiału nasiennego na frakcje jakościowe można wykorzystać jako cechę rozdzielczą długość lub masę pestek. W wyniku oddzielania najmniejszej frakcji pestek można uzyskać materiał nasienny, w którym po procesie usuwania okrywy owocowo-nasiennej znajdować się będzie ok. 95% nasion dorodnych.
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