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1

Examples of measuring marks used in geo-reference and the connection between classic geodetic measurements and terrestrial laser scanning

Kowalska M. E., Zaczek-Peplinska J.

Technical Transactions

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2018

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Vol. 115, iss. 1

151--162

EN

In the era of the development of modern measurement technologies, their interconnectedness is of high importance. This paper presents a review of the most popular, currently utilised measuring marks in tachymetric measurements and in object laser scanning. This paper presents the authors’ own solutions that facilitate the linkage of data acquired through terrestrial laser scanning with tachymetric measurements. The proposed marks used to perform orientation on the scanned surfaces were successfully tested in the field with the use of laser scanners manufactured by the Z+F, Leica and Riegl companies. The document describes the consecutive steps that eliminate individual problems that arise during both tachymetric measurements and laser scanning. As a result of the work, a new kinds of marks were created allowing tachymetric measurements and laser scanning at the level of accuracy that is required for basic engineering measurements. This paper also presents a discussion on how to prepare the marks yourselves and the marks durability on the surface of the surveyed object.

PL

W dobie dynamicznego rozwoju nowoczesnych technologii pomiarowych bardzo istotne jest ich wzajemne powiązanie. W artykule przedstawiono przegląd najpopularniejszych, aktualnie stosowanych znaków w klasycznych pomiarach tachimetrycznych oraz znaków stosowanych przy skanowaniu obiektów skanerami laserowymi. Zaprezentowano autorskie rozwiązania ułatwiające powiązanie danych z naziemnego skaningu laserowego z pomiarami tachimetrycznymi. Zaproponowane znaki do lokalizacji na skanowanych powierzchniach zostały z sukcesem przetestowane w warunkach terenowych przy wykorzystaniu skanerów laserowych firm Z+F, Leica i Riegl. Opisano kolejne etapy postępowania eliminujące poszczególne problemy zarówno w pomiarach tachimetrycznych, jak i w przypadku skanowania laserowego. W wyniku opisanych prac powstał nowy rodzaj znaku umożliwiający pomiar tachimetryczny, jak również skanowanie laserowe z odpowiednią dokładnością wymaganą dla podstawowych pomiarów inżynierskich. W pracy przedstawiono również rozważania na temat wykonania samych znaków i ich trwałości na mierzonym obiekcie.

2

Concrete surface evaluation based on the reflected TLS laser beam’s intensity image classification

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Osińska-Skotak K.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2018

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Vol. 40, nr 1

56--64

EN

Dynamically developing terrestrial laser scanning technology (TLS) provides modern surveying tools, that is, scanning total stations and laser scanners. Owing to these instruments, periodic control surveys of concrete dams were performed as a part of geodetic monitoring yield point models characterised by quasicontinuity. Using the results of such measurements as a base, one can carry out a number of geometric analyses as well as acquire information for detailed analytical and calculative considerations. The scanner, similar to total station, by determining distances and angles, identifies spatial coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the surveyed points. Registration of the reflected laser beam’s intensity value (Intensity) emitted by the scanner provides additional information on the surveyed object. Owing to high working speed and the large amount of the collected data, the scanners became an indispensable tool for geodesists. The article assesses the possibility of application of terrestrial laser scanning in surveying changes in the surface of a concrete dam based on the experimental measurements. The condition of the dam’s downstream concrete wall was evaluated. The evaluation included changes in the surface’s roughness, cracks, seepage points, erosion caused by plant overgrowth and the degressive durability parameter of the used material (concrete). The article presents an example of the application of the results of a laser scan in the assessment of the condition of a water dam’s external concrete surfaces. The results of experimental measurements were analysed – the results of a scan of the downstream concrete wall of a dam in Ecker (Germany) using two laser scanners characterised by different technical parameters, that is, laser wavelength (laser’s colour), range, definable point density, method of distance measurement – Leica C10, Z+F Imager 5006h. The measurement was carried out in the same weather conditions from the same sites of the test base. The results of the measurements were analysed using, inter alia, statistical methods by defining template fields and supervised and unsupervised classification methods in reference to the selected fragments of the Surface characterised by known concrete surface properties. Various classification algorithms were used. The obtained results make it possible to assess the suitability of the proposed methodology of evaluating the concreto surface’s condition and establish tool selection principles to match the practical application requirements.

3

Metodyka oceny stanu powierzchni betonowej budowli piętrzącej na podstawie analizy spektralnej wyników naziemnego skanowania laserowego

Zaczek-Peplinska J.

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Geodezja

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2018

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z. 57

3--177

4

Reliability of geodetic control measurements of high dams as a guarantee of safety of the construction and the natural environment

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Podawca K., Karsznia K.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 1

87--98

EN

In the safety assessment of hydro-technical objects, it is necessary to combine different measurement techniques, calculations and experience of specialists in various fields of engineering. That is possible due to the current development of surveying technology. Undoubtedly, the integration of measurements, including technical assessment as well as object behaviour modelling, makes it possible to perform more comprehensive assessment of objects. Nevertheless, in order to obtain a multidimensional overview of an examined object – especially water dam – it is necessary to know all the possible errors that appear along the “observer-instrument-object” path. In this paper, the authors intended to investigate the influence of atmospheric conditions on the results of geodetic deformation measurements and attempted to consider surface deformation analysis, which is part of obligatory inspections of hydro-technical objects. The study was based on the geometry assessment of the vent wall of Rożnów water dam located within the borders of the South-Polish Protected Landscape Area. The measurements took place in the years 2013‒2015 and were performed using Z + F Imager 5010 laser scanner equipped with an integrated thermal camera. Surveying results and analyses based on archival data and forecasts of atmospheric conditions at the location of the hydro-technical facility can be applied while elaborating the rules for a control date selection. The proper definition of a measurement cycle will make it possible to avoid errors of interpretation for those facilities important from the flood protection, recreation and nature perspectives.

5

Application of terrestrial laser scanner with an integrated thermal camera in non-destructive evaluation of concrete surface of hydrotechnical objects

Kowalska M., Zaczek-Peplinska J.

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2017

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Vol. 39, nr 4

35--43

EN

The authors present possible applications of thermal data as an additional source of information on an object’s behaviour during the technical assessment of the condition of a concrete surface. For the study one of the most recent propositions introduced by Zoller + Fröhlich company was used, which is an integration of a thermal camera with a terrestrial laser scanner. This solution enables an acquisition of geometric and spectral data on the surveyed object and also provides information on the surface’s temperature in the selected points. A section of the dam’s downstream concrete wall was selected as the subject of the study for which a number of scans were carried out and a number of thermal images were taken at different times of the day. The obtained thermal data was confronted with the acquired spectral information for the specified points. This made it possible to carry out broader analysis of the surface and an inspection of the revealed fissure. The thermal analysis of said fissure indicated that the temperature changes within it are slower, which may affect the way the concrete works and may require further elaboration by the appropriate experts. Through the integration of a thermal camera with a terrestrial laser scanner one can not only analyse changes of temperature in the discretely selected points but on the whole surface as well. Moreover, it is also possible to accurately determine the range and the area of the change affecting the surface. The authors note the limitations of the presented solution like, inter alia, the resolution of the thermal camera.

6

Terrestrial laser scanning in monitoring of anthropogenic objects

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Kowalska M.

Geodesy and Cartography

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2017

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Vol. 66, no. 2

347--364

EN

The registered xyz coordinates in the form of a point cloud captured by terrestrial laser scanner and the intensity values (I) assigned to them make it possible to perform geometric and spectral analyses. Comparison of point clouds registered in different time periods requires conversion of the data to a common coordinate system and proper data selection is necessary. Factors like point distribution dependant on the distance between the scanner and the surveyed surface, angle of incidence, tasked scan’s density and intensity value have to be taken into consideration. A prerequisite for running a correct analysis of the obtained point clouds registered during periodic measurements using a laser scanner is the ability to determine the quality and accuracy of the analysed data. The article presents a concept of spectral data adjustment based on geometric analysis of a surface as well as examples of geometric analyses integrating geometric and physical data in one cloud of points: cloud point coordinates, recorded intensity values, and thermal images of an object. The experiments described here show multiple possibilities of usage of terrestrial laser scanning data and display the necessity of using multi-aspect and multi-source analyses in anthropogenic object monitoring. The article presents examples of multisource data analyses with regard to Intensity value correction due to the beam’s incidence angle. The measurements were performed using a Leica Nova MS50 scanning total station, Z+F Imager 5010 scanner and the integrated Z+F T-Cam thermal camera.

7

Research and development work carried out by the Chair of Engineering Geodesy and Measurement and Control Systems, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography WUT - thematic scope and achievements

Nowak E., Malarski R., Prószyński W., Sadowska A., Woźniak M., Zaczek-Peplinska J.

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2016

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Vol. 100

201--219

EN

Geodetic engineering surveys are an important part of the works carried out by the Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology. These works concern measurement techniques as well as advanced result analysis methods applied in precise industrial surveys and in processes controlling object’s behaviour over time. The thematic scope of research realised by Chair of Engineering Geodesy and Control-Measuring Systems shows that article related to geodetic engineering measurements and geodetic monitoring is carried out with high intensity, resulting in technological advancement and implementation of new or improved measurement solutions and methods of measurement result development.

8

Terrestrial Laser Scanning in Monitoring Hydrotechnical Objects

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Kowalska M. E.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 4

120--128

EN

Developing Terrestrial Laser Scanning technology is provided by modern measuring instruments, i.e. total stations and laser scanners. Owing to these instruments, periodic control measurements of concrete dams carried out as a part of geodetic surveying provide point models characterised by quasi-continuity. Basing on the results of these surveys, it is possible to conduct a number of geometric analyses, as well as to obtain information for detailed analytic and calculative deliberations. A scanner, similarly to a total station, determines spatial coordinates (X, Y, Z) of the surveyed points by identifying distances and angles. Registration of intensity of the reflected laser beam (Intensity) sent out by the scanner provides additional information on the surveyed object. Thanks to high working speed and a large amount of collected data, scanners have become an essential tool for a geodesist.This paper evaluates the possibility of applying Terrestrial Laser Scanning to test deformations and shifts of flagged points of concrete dam construction based on experimental measurements, including object inventory and evaluation of the dam’s concrete structure condition.

9

Variability of roughness parameters calculated using data obtained by TLS depending on scan resolution and beam's angle of incidence

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Kowalska M. E.

Challenges of Modern Technology

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2016

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Vol. 7, no. 1

40--45

EN

Spatial data obtained by Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) can be used in order to create various inventories and analyses of the surveyed surfaces. This paper presents a use of orthogonal regression line in order to identify the beam's incidence angle on the surveyed surface as well as identification of roughness parameters using data obtained by terrestrial laser scanning. Accuracy of the visualisation of the surface and roughness parameters, in particular Ra (mean arithmetic deviation of surface roughness profile forming the average line) are closely correlated to the scan resolution of the evaluated area. Presented analyses indicate a need to identify areas with uniform visualisation [1,2] in the compared scans.

10

Contemporary techniques of data acquisition for preparation of numerical models of hydrotechnical structures

Popielski P., Zaczek-Peplinska J., Bartnik E., Kasprzak A., Smoliński B.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2015

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Y. 112, iss. 2-Ś

113--128

EN

This paper presents an analysis of possible uses of contemporary data acquiring methods for elaborating hydrotechnical object numerical models. The subject is considered in two aspects – preparation of a geometrical model based on the results of a geodetic survey of the structure as well as subsoil parameters, and data acquisition for building material characteristics. The results presented for non-invasive measurements of hydrotechnical concrete parameters and geometry of the modelled object are based on the example of Rożnów Dam. The research uses data obtained by terrestrial laser scan and sclerometer tests (taken with a Schmidt hammer).

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę możliwości wykorzystania współczesnych metod pozyskiwania danych do przygotowania modeli numerycznych obiektów hydrotechnicznych. Zagadnienie rozpatrzono w dwóch aspektach – przygotowanie modelu geometrycznego na podstawie wyników inwentaryzacji geodezyjnej konstrukcji oraz pozyskanie danych o parametrach podłoża i właściwościach materiałów budowlanych. Zaprezentowano wyniki nieinwazyjnych pomiarów parametrów betonów hydrotechnicznych i geometrii modelowanego obiektu na przykładzie zapory Rożnów. Wykorzystano m.in. dane pozyskane za pomocą naziemnego skaningu laserowego oraz dane z pomiarów sklerometrycznych (młotek Schmidta).

11

Development of large concrete object geometrical model based on terrestrial laser scanning

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Popielski P., Kasprzak A., Wójcik P.

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2014

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Vol. 97

91--102

EN

The paper presents control periodic measurements of movements and survey of concrete dam on Dunajec River in Rożnów, Poland. Topographical survey was conducted using laser scanning technique. The goal of survey was data collection and creation of a geometrical model. Acquired cross- and horizontal sections were utilised to create a numerical model of object behaviour at various load depending of changing level of water in reservoir. Modelling was accomplished using finite elements technique. During the project an assessment was conducted to terrestrial laser scanning techniques for such type of research of large hydrotechnical objects such as gravitational water dams. Developed model can be used to define deformations and displacement prognosis.

12

Comparison of point clouds captured with terrestrial laser scanners with different technical characteristic

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Kowalska M. E.

Challenges of Modern Technology

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2014

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Vol. 5, no. 4

39--43

EN

Terrestrial Laser Scanners come with different technical parameters like the wavelength (laser colour), range or even the distance measuring method. Within this work the surface of a large-scale concrete – Rożnów Dam -structure was captured by three different Terrestrial Laser Scanners with different technical parameters - Leica C10, Riegl VZ -400 and the Z+F Imager 5010. The captured three dimensional point clouds were further evaluated by analysing the parameters of a fitted plane in each case that has been derived with the help of a least squares adjustment. This paper describes different analysis of registered point clouds. Presented results indicate significant differences between representations of scanned surface, measured in the same weather conditions, using three different scanner models. Analysis revealed differences in “grain” and texture of obtained visualization, as well as registered data completeness. These differences might play a significant role during conducting analysis of an engineering object changes and deformations based on point clouds registered in different time periods.

13

Monitoring technical conditions of engineering structures using the terrestrial laser scanning technology

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Pasik M., Adamek A., Adamek A., Kołakowska M., Łapiński S.

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2013

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Vol. 95

1--10

EN

The laser scanning technology offers quite new possibilities in the field of the existing monitoring of engineering structures. The basic advantage of the laser scanning technology is huge amount of measuring observations and practically complete geometric and spectral information about the measured structures, which may be required within the short time. In the context of detection of threatens related to deformations and displacements of building structures, the surface - quasi-continuous distribution of measuring points is one of the most important factors. which ensure the possibility to perform correct evaluation of safety conditions of investigated structures. The proposed technological solution offers a series of new possibilities and the resulting methodology of determination of deformations and displacements of various structures, will considerably increase the scope of possible works and analyses. This will also create the new segment of data, which will result in delivery of additional information concerning conditions of the structure to experts from various fields, such as, among others, civil engineering, construction or geotechnique, who monitor the given structure.

14

Utilisation of terrestrial laser scanning for verification of geometry of numerical models of hydrotechnical structures using the example of a section of the concrete Besko Dam

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Popielski P.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2013

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R. 110, z. 1-Ś

153--164

EN

The paper presents results of utilisation of terrestrial laser scanning for verification of geometry of the numerical model of behaviour of Besko Dam, created on the basis of design data. Results of inventory measurements, performed in the period 2009–2011 with the use of laser scanning techniques are also presented. Changes in geometry of numerical models were introduced on the basis of performed measurements. Analysis, which aimed at determination whether the observed changes in shape influence the forecasting of behaviour of the structure. It has been stated that the applied technology of measurements is a useful tool for verification the model geometry, and, therefore, for checking the model correctness and increasing the reliability of obtained results.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki wykorzystania naziemnego skaningu laserowego do weryfikacji geometrii numerycznych modeli zapory betonowej. Porównano geometrię modelu numerycznego zachowania zapory Besko wykonanego na podstawie danych projektowych oraz wyniki przeprowadzonych w latach 2009–2011 pomiarów inwentaryzacyjnych z użyciem techniki skanowania laserowego. Na podstawie wykonanych pomiarów wykonano zmiany w geometrii modeli numerycznych i analizowano czy zaobserwowane zmiany kształtu mają istotny wpływ na prognozowane zachowanie się budowli. Stwierdzono, że wykorzystana technologia pomiaru jest dobrym narzędziem do weryfikacji geometrii modelu, a co za tym idzie, kontroli poprawności jego wykonania i zwiększeniu zaufania do otrzymanych wyników obliczeń.

15

Analiza zachowania gruntu i obiektów budowlanych w rejonie realizacji inwestycji o różnym charakterze oddziaływań

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Pasik M., Popielski P., Łapiński S.

Archiwum Instytutu Inżynierii Lądowej

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2013

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Nr 15

99--117

PL

Artykuł przedstawia poligony badawcze oraz wyniki badań zachowania gruntu i obiektów budowlanych w bliskim sąsiedztwie kilku inwestycji o różnym charakterze oddziaływań takich jak: głębokie wykopy, drążenie tuneli metra tarczami mechanicznymi oraz wznoszenie budynków. Monitorowany teren znajduje się w ścisłym centrum Warszawy. Badania obejmują pomiary geodezyjne przemieszczeń i deformacji monitorowanych obiektów przy wykorzystaniu takich technik jak: niwelacja precyzyjna, precyzyjne pomiary kątowo-liniowe, skanowanie laserowe, badanie zmian nachyleń za pomocą pochyłomierzy. W analizowanym rejonie wykonano kilka modeli numerycznych dotyczących oddziaływania na obiekty sąsiednie, które zostały wykalibrowane na podstawie rezultatów pomiarów przeprowadzonych przed i w trakcie realizacji kolejnych inwestycji. Parametry gruntowe zostały potwierdzone za pomocą metody sejsmiki powierzchniowej z wykorzystaniem autorskiego współczynnika redukcyjnego. W zakresie analizy oddziaływań nowych inwestycji na istniejące obiekty porównano wyniki monitoringu z wynikami prognoz numerycznych wynikających z przygotowanych modeli. Wykorzystanie omówionych w artykule poligonów badawczych zaplanowane jest na okres wieloletni obejmujący realizacje kilku inwestycji obejmujących wyburzanie istniejących a wznoszenie nowych budynków.

EN

The paper presents a research sites and results of analysis of behaviour of the ground and structures located within the close neighbourhood of several investment units, characterised by diversified impacts, including: deep excavations, mining the underground railway tunnels using tunnel boring machines and construction of buildings. The monitored site is located within the inner centre of Warsaw. Performed analysis covers geodetic surveys of displacements and deformations of particular objects, using such techniques, as: precise levelling, precise angular and linear surveys, laser scanning, investigations of variations of inclinations with the use of inclinometers. Several numerical models have been developed for the analysed area, concerning the impacts on neighbouring objects; those models were calibrated basing on results of surveys performed before and in the course of implementation of particular investment units. Ground parameters were confirmed by means of the surface seismic method, with the use of the reduction coefficient, developed by the authors. In the field of analysis of impacts of new investments on existing structures, results of monitoring were compared with results of numerical predictions, resulted from developed models. Utilisation of the research sites, discussed in the paper, is planned for many years, covering implementation of several investment units, including demolition of the existing and construction of new buildings.

16

Inwentaryzacja galerii kontrolnej i przelewu zapory ziemnej Klimkówka metodą skanowania laserowego

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Adamek A., Osińska-Skotak K., Adamek A.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

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2013

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Vol. Spec.

147--163

PL

W referacie opisano doświadczenia z inwentaryzacji geodezyjnej galerii kontrolnej zapory ziemnej Klimkówka. Przedstawiono obecny stan przepisów prawa narzucający na jednostki administrujące i użytkujące budowle hydrotechniczne obowiązek odpowiedniej ich kontroli technicznej. Skaning laserowy ze względu na brak opracowanej odpowiedniej metodyki pomiaru tego typu obiektów jest bardzo rzadko wykorzystywany do ich inwentaryzacji i kontroli. W sierpniu 2012 roku został wykonany przez pracowników i studentów Zakładu Geodezji Inżynieryjnej i Pomiarów Szczegółowych (PW, Wydział Geodezji i Kartografii) okresowy pomiar kontrolny przemieszczeń zapory wodnej Klimkówka metodą niwelacji precyzyjnej. W tym samym czasie wykonano inwentaryzację galerii kontrolnej tego obiektu metodą naziemnego skanowania laserowego. Dodatkowo w trakcie opracowywania danych podjęto próbę analizy zarejestrowanych wartości I (Intensity) przy pomiarze przelewów betonowych metodą automatycznej analizy obrazowej w celu klasyfikacji cech betonu – analiza ta ma posłużyć jako materiał wyjściowy do analizy zmian powierzchni betonowej w kolejnych latach. W referacie przedstawiono wyniki inwentaryzacji geometrii galerii kontrolnej oraz wstępną analizę powierzchni przelewu metodą klasyfikacji nienadzorowanej. W pracy opisano proces tworzenia modelu galerii oraz wybranych, możliwych do wykonania analiz i pomiarów na bazie danych z naziemnego skanowania laserowego.

EN

The paper discusses experiences resulting from the surveying inventory of Klimkówka earth dam’s control gallery. Current status of the law, which impose obligation of adequate technical control on the unit administering and operating hydraulic structures is presented. Laser scanning due to the lack of suitable developed measurements methodology for this type of objects is rarely used for its inventory and control. In August 2012, the measurement of displacements of control gallery of this object using precise levelling was conducted by the staff and the students from the Department of Engineering and Detailed Surveying (WUT, Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography) . Simultaneously, an inventory of control gallery using terrestrial laser scanning was made. In addition, during the processing the data an attempt to analyse the I values (Intensity) was made which were recorded during the measure of concrete overflow using automated image analysis in order to carry out the characteristic classification of the concrete - this analysis is to be used as a starting material for the analysis of changes in the surface of the concrete in the following years. The results of an inventory of geometry of the control gallery and a preliminary analysis of the surface of the concrete overflow using unsupervised classification method have been presented. The process of gallery model creation, as well as selected possible analyses and measurements based on the data from terrestrial laser scanning have been also described.

17

Comparison and analysis of forecasts of a numerical model of soil behaviour around an implemented investment and results of geodetic monitoring

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Popielski P.

Reports on Geodesy

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2011

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z. 1/90

545--551

EN

Surveying measurements, together with accuracy of elevation determinations, which may be currently achieved, remain the more reliable source of information concerning displacements of soils and foundations of buildings located close to newly constructed structures. A numerical model, which is used to forecast such displacements, should be verified basing on surveying monitoring. The paper presents comparison and analysis of results of surveying monitoring and forecasts of displacements, calculated basing on numerical modelling for a building located within an urban, densely built-up area, within direct neighbourhood of tunnels of the Warsaw underground railway. Results of 7 surveying control measurements: 4 in the period of implementation, 1 – in the period of post-implementation approval and 3 after completion of construction (6 and 10 months), were analysed. Guidelines concerning verification of the numerical model have been presented.

18

Assessment of possible utilisation of results of geodetic monitoring of displacements of structures and their surroundings for the needs of verification of digital models

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Popielski P.

Reports on Geodesy

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2009

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z. 2/87

437-448

EN

Each well designed project, related to digital modelling for the needs of assessment of conditions of an engineering structure, contains comparison of results of numerical calculations with results of surveying, Usually, results of levelling, which determine differences of elevation of controlled points of the structure, are the subject of such comparison. Results of measurements of a horizontal network may be presented in a similar way. In the course of comparison, functional, structural and accuracy differences of digital models, as well as models based on results of surveying monitorine should be also considered. Comparison of modelling results with results of surveys may be performed for various purposes. Besides the diagnosis of current conditions of the structure, emergency or non-standard situations, such comparison may be performed for specific demands of geodetic services, and, in particular, the needs of modernisation of the geodetic control oetwork or in the process of the initial control of surveys. Such comparison may be performed in order to asses the digital model, developed basing on archive geological reconnaissance and/or verification of values of parameters of materials. The paper discusses the demands of verification of digital analysis by means of back analysis, as well as possibilities to utilise the results of geodetic monitoring for the needs of calculations. It should be noticed that the geodetic control network should be consulted with designers of the particular structure and with the entity which performed numerical analyses. Those issues are illustrated by means of the example of development of the control network and the numerical model for a building, which is jocated in the densely built-up area, within the direct neighbourhood of the Warsaw underground.

19

Wykorzystanie modeli numerycznych w eksploatacji budowli piętrzących

Popielski P., Zaczek-Peplinska J.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2008

|

Nr 2

73-80

PL

Przedstawiono analizę wykorzystania wyników modelowania metodą elementów skończonych (MES) pracy konstrukcji zapory betonowej dla potrzeb modernizacji sieci kontrolnej. Został omówiony scenariusz obliczeń, tarowanie modelu numerycznego na podstawie analizy wstecz i analizy wyników. Do obliczeń wykorzystano dane z obserwacji przemieszczeń na rzeczywistym obiekcie hydrotechnicznym.

EN

The paper presents an analysis of application of the FEM (finite elements method) results of concrete dam construction work modeling in control network modernisation. !t discusses the scenario of calculations, taring of the numerical model on the basis of a backward analysis and the analysis of results. Calculations used data from observation of actual hy-drotechnical structure displacements.

20

Lokalizacja punktów kontrolnych na ścianie odpowietrznej zapory betonowej na podstawie modelowanych gradientów przyrostów przemieszczeń

Zaczek-Peplinska J., Popielski P.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2008

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R. 105, z. 3-Ś

211-226

PL

Ze względu na znajomość danych pomiarowych opisujących zachowanie się konstrukcji zapory w latach poprzedzających modernizację sieci geodezyjnej do wskazania nowych lokalizacji celowników lub weryfikacji projektu geodezyjnej sieci kontrolnej można wykorzystać skalibrowane za pomocą analizy wstecz modele obliczane metodą elementów skończonych (MES). W artykule opisano metody lokalizacji punktów kontrolowanych na ścianie odpowietrznej zapory betonowej bazujące na analizie wyników modelowania MES. Opisano i zilustrowano przykładem obliczeniowym metodę porównywania różnych modelowanych stanów obiektów: normalnego i symulowanych awaryjnych oraz metodę analizy gradientów przyrostów przemieszczeń konstrukcji będących wynikiem działania zmiennych sił zewnętrznych, w przypadku zapory - zmian poziomu zwierciadła wody górnej.

EN

In view of the knowledge of survey data which describe the behaviour of a dam.s construction before the control network was modernised, models calibrated with the use of the backward analysis methods and calculated with the use of the Finite Element Method (FEM) may be used to point new locations of targets or to verify the design of the control network. The paper discusse methods of locating controlled points on downstream face of a concrete dam, basing on the results of the FEM analysis. The method of comparing various modelled conditions of structures are discussed and illustrated, such as: normal and simulated emergency conditions and the method of analysing gradients of increase displacements of structures, resulting from changing external forces - in the case of a water dam - changes of the upper water mirror level.