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Characterisation of surface explosions

Hieronymus H, Hofmann M., Bender J., Henschen Ph., Wendler R., Plewinsky B., Steinbach J.

Archivum Combustionis

2001

Vol. 21 nr 2

117-125

This contribution presents the explosion behaviour of liquid solvents such as toluene, cyclohexane, and methanol with smooth surfaces below a gaseous oxidizer composed of oxygen and nitrogen. In these systems, diffusion flames, both types of explosions, i.e. deflagrations and detonations, can occur even when the gas phase, composed of the vapor of the solvent and of the oxidizer, is below the lower explosion limit. Since the presence of the liquid surface plays an important role, explosions in such a system are called surface explosions. For practical reasons it is useful to distinguish between surfaces of a long narrow and a large circular shape. Explosions in these subsystems are called one-dimensional and two-dimensional surface explosions, respectively. Experiments have shown that the most dangerous form of surface explosions, the surface detonations, occur within a specific range of physical and chemical parameters such as the composition of the oxidizer, the iitial pressure, and the geometrical factors of the equipment. Safety characteristics such as "explosion range", "explosion limits", "detonation range", "detonation limits", and "limiting oxygen concentration" are defined and discussed particulary for heterogeneous systems.