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Determination of Difference Amount in Reference Evapotranspiration between Urban and Suburban Quarters in Karbala City

Algretawee Hayder, Al-Saadi Riyadh Jasim Mohammed, Al Juboury Maad F., Hasan Musaab Falih, Nile Basim K., Kadhim Mustafa Amoori

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 7

180--191

EN

Evapotranspiration represents one of the main parameters in the hydrological cycle. It is usually expressed by the term reference evapotranspiration (ETo) that is affected by certain meteorological parameters. This study aimed to find the difference amount in ETo between urban and suburban quarters in Karbala city. The study methodology involved selecting once urban area and four suburban quarters. Two methods of determining the reference evapo- transpiration were applied: first, a direct method which measured ETo at selected fields by using a hand-held device, and second, an indirect method using the Penman-Monteith equation. The findings showed that the magnitudes of ETo by the Penman-Monteith equation are higher than the values measured by the direct method for urban and suburban quarters. Moreover, it was found that the absolute percentage of difference in the average amount of ETo between urban and suburban quarters is 13% by using the direct method and 61% by using Penman-Monteith equation. The study conclusion is that suburban area has higher magnitude of ETo than urban quarter by using any of direct method and indirect method (Penman-Monteith equation).

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Factors affecting time and cost trade-off in multiple construction projects

Hasan Musaab Falih, Mohammed Sawsan Rasheed

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 68, nr 2

549--561

EN

Cash is one of the most critical resources of a construction company that determines survival. Cash-flow management is essential for contractors, as lack of cash resources is one of the leading causes of bankruptcy in the construction industry, compared to most other sectors. The purpose of this paper is to identify factors affecting time and cost trade-off in multiple construction projects in Iraq. After reviewing a wide range of literature to determine the most common elements, a questionnaire is distributed to owners, consultants, supervising engineers, and contractors engaged in construction projects. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed using the relative importance index, arithmetic mean and standard deviation. The respondents namely assured Seventeen most essential factors; payments delay from client, progress payment due period, payment conditions, advanced payment, project delay, inaccurate project scheduling, variation orders, project duration, inaccurate project duration, profit, risk margin, project cost, cash flow forecasts, retentions percentage, estimating errors, materials cost, equipment cost, and labour cost.

3

Estimate final cost of roads using support vector machine

Hasan Musaab Falih, Hammody Oday, Albayati Khaldoon Satea

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 68, nr 4

669--682

EN

The cost overrun in road construction projects in Iraq is one of the major problems that face the construction of new roads. To enable the concerned government agencies to predict the final cost of roads, the objective this paper suggested is to develop an early cost estimating model for road projects using a support vector machine based on (43) sets of bills of quantity collected in Baghdad city in Iraq. As cost estimates are required at the early stages of a project, consideration was given to the fact that the input data for the support vector machine model could be easily extracted from sketches or the project's scope definition. The data were collected from contracts awarded by the Mayoralty of Baghdad for completed projects between 2010-2013. Mathematical equations were constructed using the Support Vector Machine Algorithm (SMO) technique. An average of accuracy (AA) (99.65%) and coefficient of determination (R2) (97.63%) for the model was achieved by the created prediction equations.