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1

Uwarunkowania przebiegu procesu decyzyjnego w kontekście operacji irackiej

Kosta R. A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2007

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nr 4(69)

210-219

EN

Each country aspiring to be a superpower, or already being a superpower has to, being aware of profits and losses, pursue strengthening its position on the international arena. This pursuit results not only from the will to show its power but most of all it is the necessity due to which a particular political entity has a possibility to improve its position or maintain its status quo. Without such a strive it may easily lose its position. The United States is not an exception here in spite of the way we perceive American decision makers' stance. The year 2001 was the message, whereas 2004 and 2005 was the confirmation that the time for discussions on security system ran out. Now it is necessary to create local systems in order to create a regional one. Only then we will be able to build the foundations of an effective global system. And actually decision makers must not forget about it, and scientists’ task is to remind them about it. It does not guarantee success, but if we want to finish fighting terrorists successfully, we have to act. Being passive and long discussions will not replace actions. Starting the operation in Iraq was such an action and it is not important how critically we evaluate this decision now because it was an attempt to act and therefore Americans have to be appreciated for that.

2

Bezpieczeństwo europejskie a wojna z terroryzmem po zamachach w Madrycie 11 III 2004 r. : próba bilansu

Kosta R A

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2005

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nr 1(58)

7-20

EN

On March 11, 2004, the news of another terrorist attack struck the world. This time the place of the attack was Spain, a European country and a USA ally in war on terror. Both on September 11 in the United States and in Madrid, the terrorists used the most common things that millions of people in the whole world use, in the USA these were paper knives and laptops, in Madrid mobile phones. They became the symbols of the new act of violence. The terrorists took advantage of a simple sys-tem of delivering explosives: 13 rucksacks and sport bags were left on the trains that arrived at three crowded stations. Each of them contained 11.5 kg of a powerful explosive material. The detonators were activated via mobile phones. Today the whole Europe is shocked with the terrorists' ruthlessness. Many cities of the Old Continent employed emergency measures. Fierce discussions aroused about the sense of waging Iraqi campaign and the participation of countries supporting so far the USA policy towards terrorists. The aim of this article is to present probable reasons and consequences of the Madrid attack on European security.

3

Stabilność regionalna Bliskiego Wschodu na tle dążeń niepodległościowych społeczności kurdyjskiej

Kosta R. A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 1(54)

300-313

EN

After 9.11, we have slowly become aware of the fact that the Middle East problems are not just that conflict. In the time when a crucial problem is to combat terrorists (motivated mainly by both political and religious aims, although the latter ones are only a tool to accomplish the first ones), the threats that have been hidden for some time, now begin to appear with a new force, which consequently may lead to this region’s destabilisation. Such a threat relates to the Kurds - the largest nation in the world that does not have their own country. The Kurdish problem is not a new crisis that was born in the Middle East. It is rather, like in the case of Palestine, a constant element of a political game in this part of the world. And as such, it has been used by Turkey, Iran or Iraq. When not solved, it may become for terrorists a convenient explanation for terrorist attacks, as Palestine is today. Therefore the article analyses the genesis of the conflict to create the Kurdish state and it forecasts the further development of the situation after the fall of Saddam Hussain’s regime and presents possible solutions.

4

Integralność państwowa a bezpieczeństwo regionalne : dylemat amerykańskiej polityki w Wietnamie w latach 60. i 70. XX wieku

Kosta R. A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 2(51)

318-328

EN

During the war in Vietnam where the United States played a dominant role, a dilemma appeared how to destroy the enemy, the Republic of Vietnam, who had bases in several neighbouring countries. Although the war was officially waged in Vietnam against Viet Cong partisans, the conflict in fact concerned four countries of the Republic of Vietnam, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. Amerian troops operated only on the territory of the Republic of Vietnam, whereas the troops of Democratic Republic of Vietnam were on the whole peninsula. Therefore the Americans had to make a decision if they might breach the border of neutral Cambodia and Laos. Waiting too long caused the defeat of the 1970-1971 campaign.

5

Bezpieczeństwo światowe a problem pokoju na Półwyspie Koreańskim

Kosta R. A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 4(53)

220-233

EN

Political conditions in the 21st century cause that security has become an expected (although sometimes unachievable) good. And not only because social, economic, demographic or ecological conditions make us feel that security has become a luxury available only to some countries. War on terrorism has not created such a threat. However it has demonstrated the old ones. Some threats are sometimes overrated and presented in a very emotional way. Others, nevertheless, are underestimated and solving them is postponed. Therefore the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center and Pentagon came as such a shock. Al.-Qaida had existed for a long time. Its leader, Osama bin Laden, is not an unknown person, who became recognised as a chief of a powerful terrorist organisation after these attacks. On the contrary, he had acted long before that date and sometimes, as J. Kaczmarek shows, co-operated also with the Americans. Therefore this article deals with the threat of the People’s Republic of Korea, a problem which is slightly underestimated.

6

Bezpieczeństwo Bliskiego Wschodu w świetle konfliktu izraelsko-palestyńskiego

Kosta R. A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 3(52)

114-123

EN

In 1996, J. Świeca’s book entitled “Middle East Peace Process – Ideas – Initiatives – Diplomacy” was published. The author of this publication while thoroughly discussing the subsequent phases of the peace process stated that there was a chance for permanent peace after signing an accord between Israel and Palestine. Moreover he claimed that this event would be the beginning of wars in the whole Middle East region. Six years have passed since the book was written and they proved they could not be applied in the situation in the Middle East. Why is happening so and is this region really so unpredictable? The answers to these and other questions concerning recent years in Israeli – Palestinian relations are to be found in the following article.

7

Rola stereotypów i nietolerancji w stosunkach między cywilizacją zachodnią a islamem i zagrożenia z nich wynikające dla bezpieczeństwa światowego

Kosta R. A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2001

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nr 4(45)

67-76

EN

The aim of the article was to show stereotypes and intolerance in mutual relations resulting from colonial past. S.P. Huntingoton's publication is an example of such an approach. Fundamentalism, Islam as a religion and terrorism cannot be linked as one as some western scholars try to present the problem. "The History of War" and "The History of Colonisation" are works that clearly fight with stereotypes and try to fight their sources. The author of the article is certainly aware that such difficult issues cannot be fully explained in one publication. Nevertheless, due to globalisation the Europeans must look for the ways of communication with the Muslims Both these civilisations apparently have much to offer to each other.