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An application of the scaled–pixel–counting protocol to quantify the radiological features of anatomical structures of the normal tarsal joint in horses

Borowska Marta, Turek Bernard, Lipowicz Paweł, Jasiński Tomasz, Skierbiszewska Katarzyna, Domino Małgorzata

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

2024

Vol. 18, no. 3

483--489

Background: As high-performance human and equine athletes train and compete at the highest level of effort, the prevention of high-performance-cased diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA), requires knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the subjected bones. Objective: Implementation of the scaled–pixel–counting protocol to quantify the radiological features of anatomical structures of the normal equine tarsal joint as the first step in the prevention of the tarsal joints OA in high-performance sport horses. Methods: A radiographic examination was performed in six cadaverous equine pelvic limbs. The dorso–plantar projection of the tarsal joint was performed using density standard (DS) attached to the radiographic cassette, standard X-ray equipment and standard diagnostic imaging protocol. On each of the radiographs, pixel brightness (PB) was extracted for each of the 10 steps (S1–S10) of DS. On each of the radiographs, seven regions of interest (ROIs) were annotated representing four bones (II tarsal bone [II TB], III tarsal bone [III TB], IV tarsal bone [IV TB] and central tarsal bone [CTB]) and three joints (proximal intertarsal joint [PIJ], distal intertarsal joint [DIJ] and tarsometatarsal joint [TMJ]), respectively. For each ROI, the percentage (%) of number of pixels (NP) from each range was calculated. Results: The % of NP was lower in bones than in joint spaces for S1–S6 and was higher in bones than in joint spaces for S8–S10. The % of NP was higher in PIJ than TMJ for S1 and higher in PIJ than DIJ for S4. No differences were found between consecutive bones for all examined steps of DS. Conclusions: An application of the scaled–pixel–counting protocol provides the quantitative radiological features of normal bone and joint structures of the tarsal joint in horses, making possible differentiation of the lucency of joint space and opacity of bone structure.

Waste as substrates for agricultural biogas plants : A case study from Poland

Czekała Wojciech, Pulka Jakub, Jasiński Tomasz, Szewczyk Piotr, Bojarski Wiktor, Jasiński Jan

Journal of Water and Land Development

2023

no. 56

45--50

Energy production from renewable sources is one of the main ways to fight against global warming. Anaerobic digestion process can be used to produce biogas containing methane. In the light of the growing demand for substrates, a variety of raw materials are required. These substrates should be suitable for anaerobic digestion, and processing them need to provide the desired amount of energy. This paper aims to discuss the agricultural biogas market in Poland, its current state, and the possibility of development during energy transformation, in particular in terms of using waste as a substrate for energy production. In February 2022, there were 130 agricultural biogas plants registered in Poland. On the other hand, in 2020, 4,409,054.898 Mg of raw materials were used to produce agricultural biogas in Poland. Among all the substrates used, waste played a special role. With the right amount of raw materials and proper management of a biogas plant, it is possible to produce electricity and provide stable and predictable heat supply. Bearing in mind the development of the Polish and European biogas markets, attention should be paid to ensure access to raw materials from which chemical energy in the form of biogas can be generated. Due to limited access to farmland and the increasing demand for food production, one should expect that waste will be increasingly often used for biogas production, especially that with high energy potential, such as waste related to animal production and the meat industry.