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Geochemistry of germanium in thermal waters of the Jelenia Góra geothermal system (Sudetes, Poland) : solute relationships and aquifer mineralogy

Dobrzyński Dariusz, Tetfejer Klaudia, Stępień Marcin, Karasiński Jakub, Tupys Andrii, Słaby Ewa

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2023

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Vol. 93, No. 3

323--344

EN

A long-term (2004–2021) study of the chemical composition of thermal waters in the Jelenia Góra geothermal system provided information on a wide set of components. The subject of the present study is the geochemistry of germanium (Ge), which occurs in concentrations ranging from 2.7 to 6.3 μg/L in the waters studied. Interpretation of a set of 46 chemical analyses identified relationships between germanium and other elements in thermal waters from individual intakes. In the old thermal waters of Cieplice and Karpniki of deep circulation, germanium is derived from silicates and its concentration is controlled by the solubility of Ge-bearing quartz with an average Ge content of 1.5 μg/g. The source of germanium in the deep old thermal water at Staniszów is mainly sulphides, most likely arsenopyrite, but the secondary contribution of Ge from silicates (biotites, amphiboles) should not be ignored. The mineral phase, responsible for controlling Ge activity in this water, cannot yet be identified. The shallow thermal waters at Cieplice, which are a mixture of old thermal waters and modern waters, differ from the deep waters. Germanium in shallow waters probably is derived from silicates, but owing to mixing, there are no chemical equilibrium conditions; the concentration of Ge is determined by the dynamic equilibrium of the mixed water components. The modern water of intake no. 2 (Cieplice) differs from other shallow waters and also shows similarities to the Staniszów water. The germanium in the no. 2 water probably comes mainly from ferromagnesian minerals (biotite, amphiboles), although the influence of sulphides cannot be excluded. The relationships of germanium to other elements, including the Ge/Si ratio, appear to be effective indicators of hydrogeochemical conditions. Thermal waters from the different locations show both similarities and differences in chemical composition,especially of minor and trace components. At the present, still weak stage of recognition, the Jelenia Góra geothermal system can be treated as an area of occurrence of local systems responsible for the quantity and quality of thermal waters in individual intakes.

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Geochemical relationships in CO2-rich therapeutic waters of the Sudetes (Poland)

Dobrzyński Dariusz, Stępień Marcin, Szostakiewicz-Hołownia Marzena, Humnicki Włodzimierz

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2022

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Vol. 72, no. 4

479--493

EN

Geochemical studies of CO2-rich therapeutic waters in the Sudetes have provided new data on a wide range of trace elements, going beyond standard chemical analyses of such waters. A consistent set of physicochemical data obtained using the same analytical methods was subjected to statistical analyses, including hierarchical clustering, factor analysis and nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Tau Kendall), to reveal geochemical relationships between physicochemical and chemical parameters in the waters, and their relationships with the aquifer lithology. Distinct differences in the composition of waters found in crystalline rocks (mainly gneisses and mica schists) and sedimentary rocks were identified. The wide range of elements can be associated with the hydrolysis of silicate minerals, including alkali and alkali earth metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be) and (mostly) transition elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, W, Mg). Carbonate equilibria are the next important factor as it determines the aggressiveness of the water towards the minerals of aquifer rocks and affects the concentrations of numerous solutes. The probable common origin of chlorides, bromides and sulphates together with Li, Na, Sr may be related to the relict saline component of deep circulating waters, a hypothesis that requires further investigations.

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Donorowo-akceptorowe struktury oligopirolowe : projektowanie, synteza i właściwości

Stępień Marcin

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2021

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[Z] 75, 5-6

593--602

EN

The review summarizes one decade of research carried out in the Stępień Laboratory at the University of Wrocław. We focus on the group’s contributions to pyrrole chemistry, notably the development of donor-acceptor pyrrole hybrids and their use as building blocks in the synthesis of porphyrins, small-molecule dyes, and nanographene analogues.

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Management of cash flows between a debtor and a creditor in the enterprise bankruptcy process

An Yevgeniy, Stępień Marcin, Abusalma Abdallah, Lozitskaya Olga

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2020

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Vol. 22, No. 1

43--56

EN

The purpose of this study is to determine the direction and alternatives for effective flow management between the debtor and the creditor in the enterprise bankruptcy process. The study is based on data received from Russian and the UAE's oil refining companies. The methodology of this study was based on a scenario approach, in particular, the formation of five alternative flow management options in the process of bankruptcy of companies. The basis for developing scenarios was to determine the efficiency of flow management of companies within five years before the bankruptcy. This allowed determining the most advantageous option for both the debtor and the creditor. The scenario of companies' liquidation was recognized as the worst of the possible options for both enterprises. The reorganization scenario, which proposed to sell companies as integral property complexes, involved a rather long period of debt repayment for creditors. The reorganization scenario with the full exchange of shares for debts was identified as beneficial for the creditor; however, company owners could lose their right to participate in the profit distribution. The last proposed scenario with a partial exchange of shares for debts was considered the most profitable both for creditors and owners of reviewed companies since it assumed the highest possible annual income, as well as the highest level of cash flows.

PL

Celem pracy było określenie kierunków i alternatyw dla efektywnego zarządzania przepływem pomiędzy dłużnikiem a wierzycielem w procesie upadłości przedsiębiorstwa. Badanie zostało oparte na danych otrzymanych od rafinerii ropy naftowej w Rosji i Zjednoczonych Emiratach Arabskich. Metodologia badania została oparta na podejściu scenariuszowym, w szczególności na ukształtowaniu pięciu alternatywnych opcji zarządzania przepływem w procesie upadłości przedsiębiorstw. Podstawą do opracowania scenariuszy było określenie efektywności zarządzania przepływem firm w okresie pięciu lat poprzedzających upadłość. Pozwoliło to na ustalenie najkorzystniejszej opcji zarówno dla dłużnika, jak i wierzyciela. Scenariusz likwidacji spółek uznano za najgorszy z możliwych dla obu przedsiębiorstw. Scenariusz reorganizacji, który zakładał sprzedaż przedsiębiorstw jako integralnych kompleksów majątkowych, zakładał dość długi okres spłaty zadłużenia wierzycieli. Scenariusz reorganizacji zakładający pełną zamianę udziałów na długi został uznany za korzystny dla wierzyciela; jednak właściciele firm mogą utracić prawo do udziału w podziale zysków. Ostatni zaproponowany scenariusz z częściową zamianą udziałów na wierzytelności został uznany za najbardziej opłacalny zarówno dla wierzycieli, jak i właścicieli analizowanych spółek, gdyż zakładał najwyższe możliwe dochody roczne oraz najwyższy poziom przepływów pieniężnych.