Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

An optimization approach to the intermodal transportation network in fruit cold chain, considering cost, quality degradation and carbon dioxide footprint

Ma Q., Wang W., Peng Y., Song X.

Polish Maritime Research

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2018

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nr 1

61--69

EN

This model optimizes port hinterland intermodal refrigerated container flows , considering both cost and quality degradation, which is distinctive from the previous literature content in a way that it quantifies the influence of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in different setting temperature on intermodal network planning. The primary contribution of this paper is that the model is beneficial not only to shippers and customers for the novel service design, but also offer , for policy-makers of the government, insights to develop inland transport infrastructures in consideration of intermodal transportation. The majority of models of multimodal system have been established with an objective of cost minimization for normal commodities. As the food quality is possible to be influenced by varying duration time required for the storage and transportation, and transportation accompanied with refrigeration producing more CO2 emission, this paper aims to address cost minimization and quality degradation minimization within the constraint of CO2 footprint. To achieve this aim, we put the quality degradation model in a mixed-integer linear programming model used for intermodal network planning for cold chain. The example of Dalian Port and Yingkou Port offer insight into trade-offs between transportation temperature and transport mode considering CO2 footprint. Furthermore, the model can offer a useful reference for other regions with the demand for different imported food, which requires an uninterrupted cold chain during the transportation and storage.

2

Al-doped ZnO films deposited by magnetron sputtering: effect of sputtering parameters on the electrical and optical properties

Pan Q., Song X.

Materials Science Poland

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2017

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Vol. 35, No. 2

374--381

EN

Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films were prepared by magnetron sputtering method. The influences of deposition pressure, substrate temperature, Ar flow rate and film thickness on optical and electrical properties were investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometer and Hall measurements. The experimental results revealed that a low resistivity, smaller than 4 × 10-4 Ω·cm, was obtained when the deposition pressure was smaller than 0.67 Pa and substrate temperature about 200 °C. Ar flow rate had a small influence on the resistivity but a big influence on the transparency at near infrared range (NIR). We obtained optimized AZO thin films with high ponductivity and transparency at low deposition pressure, small Ar flow and appropriate temperature (around 200 °C). The etching behavior of the AZO thin films deposited at the different Ar flow rates was also studied in this paper. The results show that Ar flow rate is a very important factor affecting the etching behavior.

3

Foci for Determining the Insensitivity Features of Nanometer RDX: Nanoscale Particle Size and Moderate Thermal Reactivity

Wang Y., Song X., Song D., Zhang J., Song K.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2015

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Vol. 12, no. 4

799--815

EN

In this paper, the reasons why nanometer RDX showed lower sensitivity than micro RDX is discussed. Herein we supposed two factors affect the sensitivity of nanometer RDX. Firstly, according detonation physics models, a nanometer particle size results in small hot spots and a high critical temperature. These features suggested high safety for nanometer RDX based on the hot spot theory. A further factor is the thermal reactivity of nanometer RDX, which considerably affects the safety of nanometer energetic materials. Employing the Kinetic Compensation Effect, we calculated the kinetic parameters of micro and nanometer RDX. The results indicated that there was no obvious distinction between the activation energies of micro and nanometer RDX, which implies almost the same reactivity of micro and nanometer RDX. Incorporating the results of small hot spots, high critical temperature, and the unchanged reactivity of micro and nanometer RDX, we concluded that nanometer RDX should exhibit low sensitivity as an intrinsic feature.

4

Short-term variation in zooplankton community from Daya Bay with outbreaks of Penilia avirostris

Li K., Yin J., Tan Y., Huang L., Song X.

Oceanologia

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2014

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No. 56 (3)

583--602

EN

The zooplankton community structure in bays fluctuates as a result of anthropogenic activities in such waters. We focused on the short-term variability of a zooplankton community and compared its differences at the outflow of a nuclear power plant (ONPP), in a marine cage-culture area (MCCA) and in unpolluted waters (UW) in the south-west part of Daya Bay from 28 April to 1 June 2001. Environmental factors and zooplankton abundance differed significantly among stations at ONPP, MCCA and UW: high temperatures and a high zooplankton abundance occurred at ONPP, while a high chlorophyll a concentration and a low zooplankton abundance prevailed in MCCA. Statistical analysis revealed that the zooplankton diversity and abundance could be reduced by the activity of the marine cage-culture in a short time. Penilia avirostris made up an important component of the zooplankton in the study area, its abundance ranging widely from 16 to 7267 indiv. m-3 from April to June and peaking at the ONPP outflow. The outbreak of P. avirostris probably resulted from the combined effects of favourable water temperature, food concentration and its parthenogenetic behaviour.

5

Flow Adaptive Simulation of Dynamic Water Body Based on River Velocity Field

Rui X., Song X., Ju Y., Ding Z., Lu J.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2013

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R. 89, nr 3b

221--227

EN

Simulation of natural water in river flow is a key issue in implementation of Digital Basin. This paper presents a method of water flow visualization which can adapt for the channel of the river based on the velocity field. Aiming at simulating large area river flow, first, Level of details(Lods) are constructed for river velocity fields according to the spatial relationship between view point and the targets. Second, it calculates the velocity fields of steady water flow in real-time using a novel quick Poisson-disk boundary sampling method, and then, Simplified velocity fields are adopted for driving and restrict the sprite textures so as to make them meet Poisson-disk distribution along the river channel. Finally, it blends and render sprite textures and gets real water flow effects. This method uses GLSL（OpenGL Shading Language）shaders to render the dynamic water flow, the shaders use GPU programmable rendering pipeline for graphics calculations, it reduces the real-time computation time of CPU and improves the overall efficiency of the algorithm. An experiment is carried out over Three Gorges Reservoir basin, it suggests that the method achieved a promising results, and the proposed method can be effectively used in simulation of large scale dynamic flowing water.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodę wizualizacji przepływu wody w korycie rzecznym, biorący pod uwagę rozkład prędkości wody na dużym obszarze. W pierwszym kroku określony został stopień ilości detali w badanym obszarze, następnie szczegółowo obliczono pola określonych prędkości w oparciu o rozkład Poisson’a, po czym zaadaptowano uproszczone pola prędkości do opisu tzw. sprite’ów. Finalnie, na podstawie wspomnianych analiz otrzymano rzeczywisty obraz przepływu cieczy. Przeprowadzono badania weryfikacyjne proponowanej metody symulacji przepływu.

6

Analysis and Design of Ground Speed and Position Detection System Based on Crossed Inductive Looped-cable

Dou F., Song X., Dai C.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2013

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R. 89, nr 3b

140--142

EN

This paper introduces the structure and principle of ground speed and position detection system based on crossed inductive looped-cable, and analyzes the impedance matching of loops in details, then the calculated model is given. Considering the application environment, this article also analyzes the effect taken by the sleeper, and puts forward the method of improving system reliability. Finally, this system was tested by experiments taken on the maglev track. The result shows that it has a good performance.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono budowę systemu rozpoznania pozycji i prędkości obiektu względem ziemi. Działanie oparte zostało indukcyjności zbudowanych cewek (pętli kablowych). Dokonano analizy dopasowania impedancyjnego odpowiednich cewek. Opracowano model systemu. Jego działanie poddano weryfikacji eksperymentalnej w pojeździe typu maglev.

7

Insensitive HMX (Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) Nanocrystals Fabricated by High-Yield, Low-Cost Mechanical Milling

Wang Y., Jiang W., Song X., Deng G., Li F.

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2013

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Vol. 10, no. 2

277--287

EN

A mechanical approach had been adopted for fabricating HMX nanoparticles. This fabrication method avoided the recrystallization process and was different from the traditional methods employed to prepare nanoexplosives. In particular, the high yield and low cost increased the possibility of its industrial application. Specifcally, HMX particles, that had a mean size of 0.27 μm, were prepared by mechanical milling; a signifcant proportion of nano-HMX (<100 nm) were present and these were observed by TEM and SEM images. The thermal decomposition of HMX samples before and after pulverization was investigated by TG/DSC analysis. The results indicated that there was no obvious difference between the thermographs of raw and pulverized HMX. The HMX samples were investigated by friction, impact, and shock sensitivity tests. High safety was confrmed since pulverized HMX was far more insensitive than raw HMX; indeed the shock sensitivity of pulverized HMX was about 60 percent lower than that of raw HMX.

8

Leaf litter decomposition along the temperate - tropical transect (East China) : the influence of stand succession, litter quality and climate

Song X., Jiang H., Peng C., Zhou G., Chang S., Yu S., Ma Y., Peng S., Wei X.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2012

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Vol. 60, nr 2

265-276

EN

The relationship between litter decomposition and forest succession in addition to the influence of climate variables on the rate of litter decomposition in forest ecosystems are poorly understood. In this study, the effects of forest successional stages, climate, and litter quality on litter decomposition rates were investigated in five sites located in China. The selected sites cover 29 degrees of latitude from 18[degrees]N to 47[degrees]N and spans more than 5,000 km in length along a temperature gradient that transverses across eastern China. This zonal gradient includes five climate zones from temperate to subtropical to tropical zones. Forest types include broad-leaved Korean pine, deciduous broad-leaved, evergreen broad-leaved, monsoon evergreen broad-leaved, and tropical rain forests. The North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) is one of fifteen international standard transects setup by Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE). NSTEC is a key component of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). The litterbag method was used in this study to determine mass loss and annual decomposition rates of eight tree species (Pinus massoniana Lamb., Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook., Schima superba Gardn. et Champ., Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl., Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst., C. gracilis (Rehd. et Wils.) Cheng et T. Hong, Michelia chapensis Dandy, and Castanopsis eyeri (Champ.) Tutch. through a timeframe starting in May, 2006, and ending in May, 2008. Litterbags 15 x 15 cm and 0.5 x 1.0 mm mesh were filled with 10 g of leaf litter collected from the subtropical forest region and then placed onto the forest floor in triplicate samples for each eight species in all five sites. Three litterbags per species were retrieved from each of the five sites at two month intervals during the two year experimental period. Results suggest that species litter in the climax stage (C. glauca, C. gracilis, and M. chapensis) tended to decompose faster than those in the pioneer stage (P. massoniana and C. lanceolata). Initial phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations of leaf litter were the most critical variables of litter quality in relation to the impact on the rate of litter decomposition. Litter decomposition at different successional stages was found to be directly related to climatic variables such as mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT). MAP and initial P and N concentrations could therefore be considered good indicators of rates of decomposition.

9

Potential risk of Mesodinium rubrum bloom in aquaculture area of Dapeng'ao cove, China: diurnal changes in the ciliate community structure in the surface water

Liu H., Song X., Huang L., Tan Y., Zhong Y., Huang J. R.

Oceanologia

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2012

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No. 54 (1)

109-117

EN

Diurnal changes in the structure of the ciliate community in surface waters were studied in the aquaculture area of Dapeng'ao cove, China. Two periods of heavy rainfall occurred during the study period, intensifying water column stratification and influencing the water's properties. A total of 21 ciliate taxa from 15 genera were identified; the dominant species was Mesodinium rubrum. The maximum abundance of M. rubrum reached 3.92 × 104 indiv. dm-3, contributing 95.1% (mean value) to the total ciliate abundance. Diurnal changes in M. rubrum abundance were highly variable, the driving force probably being irradiance and food availability. The results suggest that M. rubrum may form blooms in aquaculture areas when there is a suitable physical regime with enriched nutrients, which is potentially harmful to the fish-farming industry.

10

Biomass fraction of graminoids and forbs in N-limited alpine grasslands: N:P stoichiometry

Zhang R., Gou X., Bai Y., Zhao J., Chen L., Song X., Wang G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 1

105-114

EN

It is known that the dominance of graminoid species is promoted by N addition; however, there has been relatively little effort to examine the pattern induced by natural N fertility. Since nutriet use efficiency (NUE) is an important trait determining plant competitive ability, we expected that the species guild with higher NUE (lower nutrient content) may be more competitive on infertile soils. We explored the relationships between relative forbs biomass share, soil N and productivity by the linear regressi on analysis on a natural alpine meadow in northeast of Qinghai Tibetan Plateau (3600 m a.s.l.). To test the variety of leaf N:P stoichiometry, paired t test and general linear model multivariate (GLM) analysis were also used. We found that the leaf N:P ratios of the whole community were below 13 in studied sites, which may be consistent with the N limitation on the vegetation. Graminoids retained lower concentrations of leaf N and P than forbs in community on the N limited grassland. Consistent with our prediction, we found that the biomass fraction of graminoids declined with soil N content and aboveground production on the grassland. Different from the pattern along fertility gradients induced by N fertilization, our results showed that gr aminoids with lower internal nutrient content were able to resist low levels of nutrient availability on the natural alpine grassland when compared to forbs.

11

Optical switch based on cascaded SOI nonlinear directional coupler

Tao Q., Luo F., Cai D., Liang Q., Wan Z., Song X., Liu X.

Optica Applicata

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2011

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Vol. 41, nr 3

669--678

EN

In this paper, we calculate three effective refractive indexes for cascaded silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nonlinear directional coupler. For each effective refractive index, the coupling length LC, core-to-distance-ratio K and switching threshold power Pi, m are calculated, respectively. However, there are some fabrication errors, which are ?W, ?H, ?K in the height of Si layer and width of Si layer and error of core-to-distance-ratio. We have analyzed the influence of power transmission efficiency Ti, j and relative transmission efficiency error ?i, j caused by the change of ?W, ?H, ?K. Furthermore, we find the tolerance range of ?W, ?H, ?K for Ti, j and ?i, j in couplers a, b, c. The other four input pulses with different powers are switched to four different ports. Although output pulses show some little compression and loss, the value of ? is very small and output pulse waveforms are not affected seriously. The basic switching function has been realized, so this design is proved to be effective.

12

The solidification of CuCr alloys under various cooling rates

Wang Y., Song X., Sun Z., Zhou X., Guo J.

Materials Science Poland

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2007

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Vol. 25, No. 1

199--207

EN

The paper focuses on the solidification especially on the liquid phase separation of Cu-35 at. % Cr alloys under various cooling rates. When the solidification temperature is below the liquidus and above the spinodal temperature, solidification runs normally, with the growth of primary Cr-rich dendrites. When the solidification temperature is below the spinodal temperature, liquid phase separation should occur through the solidification process and the primary Cr-rich phase has a special nodular structure under an appropriate cooling rate. Large Cr-rich particles obtained from liquid phase separation can grow by absorbing smaller ones via the transfer of matter. Furthermore, some particles collide with each other, mutually losing surface energy by joining to form a single particle. The size of the Cr-rich particles obtained from liquid phase separation decreases with increasing cooling rate. Using thermodynamic calculations and referring to literature data, the viewpoints on liquid phase separation are systematized and applied to the CuCr system. Liquid phase separation in an undercooled liquid is not advantageous in refining the microstructure of alloys and should be restricted.

13

Triterpenoid Acids from Kadsura ananosma

Chen Y., Song X., Hai N., Fang A, Bi Y., Liao X.

Polish Journal of Chemistry

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2006

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Vol. 80, nr 10

1677-1681

EN

Ananosic acid D, a new 18 (1312) abeo lanostane triterpenoid acid was isolated from the stem barks of Kadsura ananosma and assigned the structure 3-hydroxy-18 (1312) abeo lanost-7 (8), 12 (18), 24 (Z)-trien-26-oic acid (1) by spectroscopic analysis including HR-ESI-MS and 2D-NMR. In addition, known lanostane triterpenoid acids 24(E)-3-oxo- lanosta-8, 24-dien-26-oic acid (2) and anwuweizic acid (3) were also obtained from this species. 2 was obtained as a new natural product and 3 was isolated from the plant for the first time.