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The Usage of Self-Regulating Steam Traps for Optimal Condensate Removal in Steam Pipelines

Grzebielec Andrzej, Szelągowski Adam, Śmiechowicz Mateusz, Stępień Michał

Modern Engineering

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2023

|

1

24--32

EN

In energy-intensive systems, in which energy need to be transported through compact pipelines, steam is very often used as an energy carrier. The latent heat of steam condensation, surpassing its sensible heat, presents a distinctive advantage, resulting in steam pipelines requiring diameters significantly smaller compared to those needed for equivalent thermal power transmission. Nonetheless, the insulation of steam pipelines remains imperfect, resulting in inevitable heat dissipation. Consequently, this thermal loss leads to the condensation of water within the pipelines, necessitating the implementation of steam traps. The precise selection and implementation of suitable steam traps are essential for sustaining optimal pipeline functionality while minimizing energy losses. This research endeavors to comprehensively assess the criteria governing steam trap selection, focusing on their pivotal role in facilitating efficient pipeline operation. To achieve this objective, a mathematical analysis was conducted to quantify the volume of liquid generated within the pipeline due to condensation. Subsequently, an innovative self-regulating steam trap was introduced and evaluated to elucidate its efficiency in evacuating the accumulated liquid. Remarkably, the utilization of these advanced self-regulating steam traps yielded remarkably positive outcomes, profoundly enhancing pipeline performance and obviating steam losses. Through meticulous analysis of the mathematical model and empirical validation of the novel steam trap's functionality, this study not only contributes to enhancing the theoretical understanding of steam pipeline dynamics but also offers practical insights into optimizing their operational efficiency. This research showcases the potential of self-regulating steam traps to revolutionize steam pipeline dewatering practices, ensuring sustained energy transmission with minimal wastage and reaffirming their pivotal role in modern energy systems.

2

Evaluation of the corrosion resistance of spark plasma sintered stainless steel 316L matrix composites with zirconium diboride in sulfuric acid

Stępień Michał, Sulima Iwona, Hyjek Paweł, Kowalik Remigiusz

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 3

art. no. e127

EN

The infuence of the zirconium diboride content and the method of initial material preparation on the corrosion properties of the composite on the 316L stainless steel matrix were determined. The powders were prepared in a Turbula mixer and a planetary mill. The corrosion properties were estimated on the basis of electrochemical tests, including open-circuit potential measurement, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The presence of the ceramic phase changes the corrosion resistance of the tested materials due to porosity, which afects the corrosion mechanism. The standard potentiodynamic tests do not reveal poor corrosion resistance of porous materials, and only 24 h tests reveal accurate corrosion resistance of composite materials. Composites cannot go into a stable passive state because of the penetration of electrolytes into the pores and tend to oxidize systematically. 24-h corrosion tests indicate that samples prepared in a planetary mill show better corrosion resistance than those prepared in a Turbula mixer.

3

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Titanium grade 23 produced by selective laser melting

Nikiel Piotr, Wróbel Mirosław, Szczepanik Stefan, Stępień Michał, Wierzbanowski Krzysztof, Baczmański Andrzej

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 4

294--309

EN

Selective laser melted Titanium grade 23 was characterized by low porosity, relatively large surface roughness and pronounced surface texture (i.e. surface grooves orientation). The band/layer microstructure was built of mixed α and β phases. The as printed structure exhibited very high compressive residual stresses with strong anisotropy (i.e., − 512 ± 17 MPa and − 282 ± 14 MPa along the laser scanning direction and along the transverse direction, respectively) and strong fiber crystallographic texture. The latter one is responsible for the anisotropy of hardness in the material. Annealing at 600 °C during four hours significantly removed residual stresses (i.e. to − 14 ± 2.8 MPa) and slightly weakened the texture. Yield strength, 1120 ± 50 MPa, and ultimate tensile strength, 1210 ± 50 MPa, of the annealed material are significantly higher and tensile elongation, 3.9%, lower than for commercial Titanium grade 23. Final mechanical polishing to obtain flat and relatively smooth surface induced desired compression residual stress in the subsurface (i.e., equal to about − 90 MPa). Low absorbed gas contents (oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen) and low porosity of the printed material indicates the correctness of the technology and allows the printed material to be classified as meeting the requirements of ASTM standards for Titanium grade 23. Besides traditional testing techniques, the optical profilometry, X-ray analysis (texture and residual stresses measurement) and infrared absorption method were applied for the product characterization and some potential of these testing methods and usefulness in technological practice was discussed, what can be particularly interesting both to practitioners from industry and researches from scientific laboratories.

4

Probabilistic Safety Assessment of ESBWR gravity driven cooling system

Kaszko Aleksej, Niewiński Grzegorz, Stępień Michał

Modern Engineering

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2020

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1

18--25

EN

According to Polish nuclear law, newly emerging nuclear facilities require probabilistic safety assessment (PSA). This article is intended to present the PSA method and to present the error tree method by which the probability of unavailability of the gravity reactor cooling system (GDCS) of the ESBWR power plant designed by GE Hitachi was determined. This work includes creatiion process of a damage tree and performing a quantitative analysis in SAPHIRE tool and estimating uncertainty using the Monte Carlo method. As a part of the work, it was shown that in the probability of failure of a single GDCS P LINE-A line, the most important element are the basic events related in particular to the operation of service valves.

5

Overview of the safety systems used in generation III and III+ of reactors

Stępień Michał, Niewiński Grzegorz, Kaszko Aleksej

Modern Engineering

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2020

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3

92--99

EN

Generation III and III+ of nuclear reactors are most often operated in the world. Reactor safety issues are the most important part of designing nuclear power plants. This article presents the current accident protection systems in power plants. Among other things, the so-called "defense in depth" was presented, which minimizes the risk of the spread of nuclear fission products and the associated passive safety and reactor protection systems.

6

Wpływ prędkości obrotowej na pracę dezintegratora kawitacyjnego

Stępień Michał, Krawczyk Piotr, Dzido Aleksandra, Wołowicz Marcin

Rynek Energii

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2019

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Nr 5

71--75

PL

Cyrkulacyjny, wirnikowy dezintegrator jest to urządzenie, które powoduje niszczenie struktury substratów przeznaczonych do fermentacji metanowej wskutek kawitacji oraz nagłego spowolnienia czynnika na wewnętrznie użebrowanym korpusie. Praca miała na celu analizę wpływu prędkości obrotowej wirnika na występowanie pola obniżonego ciśnienia w wirniku oraz pola podwyższonego ciśnienia u jego wylotu. Do obliczeń wykorzystano oprogramowanie ANSYS Fluent. Analizowano urządzenie o średnicy wirnika 200 mm i prędkości obrotowej 3000 obr/min, 2250 obr/min oraz 1500 obr/min.

EN

A circulating rotor disintegrator is a device, which destroys the structure of substrates destined for methane fermentation due to cavitation and a sudden slowdown of the medium on the internally ribbed body. The aim of work was an influence analysis of rotor rotational speed on the occurrence of low pressure field in the rotor and the field of higher pressure at its outlet. ANSYS Fluent software was used for calculations. The device was analyzed with a rotor diameter of 200mm and a rotational speed of 3000 rpm, 2250 rpm and 1500 rpm.

7

Analiza pracy cyrkulacyjnego wirnikowego urządzenia do dezintegracji substratów biologicznych przed procesem fermentacji metanowej z zastosowaniem technik CFD

Stępień Michał, Krawczyk Piotr, Mikołajczak Aleksandra, Wołowicz Marcin, Żubrowska-Sudoł Monika

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2019

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T. 98, nr 9

1442--1444

PL

Zaprezentowano koncepcję cyrkulacyjnego, wirnikowego dezintegratora przeznaczonego do obróbki substratów biologicznych (m.in. osadów ściekowych) przed procesem ich fermentacji metanowej. Prezentowane urządzenie stanowi wersję rozwojową przepływowego dezintegratora hydrodynamicznego. Zaprojektowane urządzenie niszczy strukturę osadów ściekowych oraz innych substratów biologicznych, wykorzystując do tego celu zjawisko kawitacji. Dzięki konstrukcji podwójnego cylindra umożliwia cyrkulację wewnętrzną czynnika, przy jednoczesnym braku wpływu na przepływowy charakter urządzenia. Zaprezentowano również wybrane wyniki obliczeń przepływowych dezintegratora realizowane z wykorzystaniem numerycznej mechaniki płynów. W tym celu przygotowano model matematyczny procesów przepływowych, który zaimplementowano do programu typu CFD (computational fluid dynamics). Do realizacji obliczeń wykorzystano komercyjne oprogramowanie Ansys Fluent. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników modelowania dokonano analizy pracy urządzenia, w szczególności wpływu prędkości obrotowej na tworzenie się stref obniżonego ciśnienia, kluczowych dla wystąpienia kawitacji, w całej objętości roboczej urządzenia. Zaobserwowano, że proces kawitacji zachodzi w wyprofilowanych kanałach w obszarze wirnika oraz w okolicy podstawy żeber.

EN

Rotational disintegrator was designed for the treatment of bid. substrates (including sewage sludge) before the MeH fermentation. It was a more advanced version of a flow hydrodynamic disintegrator, where cavitation phenomena occurred. They contributed to a breakdown of the structure of sewage sludge and biol. substrates. The internal circulation of the medium did not change the flow character of the system thanks to the double cylinder design. A computational model of the fluid dynamics was developed and then implemented to the com. Ansys Fluent software. The rotational speed was found to be crucial for decreasing the pressure needed for the cavitation occurred in channels milled in the rotor volume and in the areas around the base of the ribs.

8

Zjawisko korupcji : czynniki ją powodujące, postrzeganie korupcji wśród funkcjonariuszy policji oraz jej wpływ na wizerunek społeczny policji jako instytucji bezpieczeństwa

Stępień Michał

Security Review

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2016

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nr 1

14--33

EN

The article describes corruption as a pathological of the state and institution of security. Author described how corruption is perceived by police officers. The article presents also the police methods for aimed at preventing the, preventing and combating corruption. Advantage, among others, the statistical data reflecting the scale of corruption in the Police.