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Historical water-powered ferrous metallurgy reconstructed from tree-rings and lacustrine deposits (Mała Panew Basin, southern Poland)

Malik I., Wistuba M., Opała M., Franek M., Woskowicz-Ślęzak B., Mańczyk G., Tyrol Cz.

Geochronometria

2015

Vol. 42, no.1

79--90

According to historical sources in the basin of Mała Panew River there were at least 56 water- powered iron smelters from 14th–19th century. Now only two metallurgy plants work in the area. Many of the former smelting settlements ceased to exist. Historical data on the smelting industry in the area are often scarce. The aim of the study was to reconstruct the history of ferrous metallurgy from (1) the remains of wooden historical buildings, (2) remains of charcoal kilns and (3) deposits from former smelter pond. Results show that Regolowiec smelting settlement existed already in the 17th century (at least several decades earlier than historical written sources suggest) and was later repaired after destruction caused probably by floods. Charcoal used for iron smelting in the ironworks in Brusiek on the Mała Panew River was burnt at the turn of the 18th century. This is in accordance with historical sources indicating particular prosperity of the metallurgy in that period. Upstream of the ironworks in Brusiek in the first half of the 17th century a large pond existed flooding the floor of the Mała Panew valley. Study has shown that the pond was at least 100 years older than historical sources have indicated.

Human-planted alder trees as a protection against debris flows (a dendrochronological study from the Moxi Basin, Southwestern China)

Malik I., Tie Y., Owczarek P., Wistuba M., Pilorz W., Woskowicz-Ślęzak B.

Geochronometria

2013

Vol. 40, no. 3

208--216

Large debris flows have destroyed the infrastructure and caused the death of people living in the Moxi Basin (Sichuan Province, Southwestern China). Inhabitants of the Moxi Basin live on the flat surfaces of debris-flow fans, which are also attractive for farming. During the monsoon season debris flows are being formed above the fans. Debris flows can destroy the houses of any people liv-ing within the fan surfaces. In order to prevent the adverse effects of flows, people plant alder trees (Alnus nepalensis) at the mouths of debris flow gullies running above debris flow fans. Alders are able to capture the debris transported during flow events. Trees are well adapted to surviving in con-ditions of environmental stress connected with abrupt transport and deposition of sediment from de-bris flows. Numerous wounds, tilting and bending of alder trees caused by debris flows only very rarely cause the death of trees. By dating scars and dating the time of alder tilting (through the analy-sis of annual rings), we have determined the frequency of debris flows occurring at the mouth of the Daozhao valley. In 1980-2012 within the studied debris-flow fan and the Daozhao gully, 2 large de-bris flow events occurred (1996, 2005) and some smaller events were probably recorded every 2-3 years.