Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Vitrinite equivalent reflectance of Silurian black shales from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

Smolarek J., Marynowski L., Spunda K., Trela W.

Mineralogia

|

2014

|

Vol. 45, iss. 3/4

79--97

EN

A number of independent methods have been used to measure the thermal maturity of Silurian rocks from the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland. Black shales are characterized by diverse TOC values varying from 0.24-7.85%. Having calculated vitrinite equivalent reflectance using three different formulas, we propose that the most applicablevalues for the Silurian rocks are those based on Schmidt et al. (2015) equation. Based on this formula, the values range from % 0.71 VReqvVLR (the vitrinite equivalent reflectance of the vitrinite-like macerals) to % 1.96 VReqvVLR. Alternative, complementary methods including Rock Eval pyrolysis and parameters based on organic compounds (CPI, Pr/-C17, Ph/-C18, MPI1, and MDR) from extracts did not prove adequate as universal thermal maturity indicators. We have confirmed previous suggestions that Llandovery shales are the most likely Silurian source rocks for the generation of hydrocarbons in the HCM.

2

Perylene and other terrestrial biomarkers identified in the Middle Jurassic conifer wood and their palaeoenvironmental significance

Smolarek J., Marynowski L., Bechtel A., Philippe M., Simoneit B.R.T.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2014

|

Vol. 40, no. 1

129

EN

The occurrence of perylene in the Middle Jurassic fossil wood from Poland is described, along with its correlation with unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as cellulose content. Perylene is especially common in immature/low maturity organic matter (OM), largely of terrestrial origin (e.g. Louda & Baker 1984, Jiang et al. 2000, Grice et al. 2009). It has been found in diverse recent environments, such as marine and terrestrial sediments, including peats, as well as ancient deposits, including brown coal and hard coal, crude oil and sedimentary rocks (review in Marynowski et al. 2013). Here we link perylene, a product of wood-degrading fungi, to conifer biomarkers in fossil wood material of different ages. Middle Jurassic wood remnants were of relatively low maturity (ca. 0.2-0.4% vitrinite reflectance Rr), had excellent preservation of biomarkers and biomolecules and generally good preservation of anatomical structures due to early diagenetic mineralisation. The results from described (most taxonomically defined) fossil wood fragments demonstrated a negative correlation between the concentration of perylene and those of generally typical conifer biomarkers (e.g. cadalene, dehydroabietane, simonellite and retene). We defined a conifer wood degradation index as: CWDI = perylene / (perylene + cadalene + retene + simonellite + dehydroabietane); and observed a wide range of values (0.001 for less degraded wood to 0.95 for highly degraded samples). We determined similar δ13C values for perylene from the fossil wood samples (from -26.4% to -27.8%), whereas the values for the conifer biomarkers were slightly higher and varied from -25.6% to -26.6%. In contrast, pyrene was depleted in 13C (from -27.5% to -28.2%). The carbon isotope values of perylene are consistent with an origin from wood-degrading fungi.

3

Ordovician Jeleniów Claystone Formation of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland - Reconstruction of redox conditions using pyrite framboid study

Smolarek J., Marynowski L., Trela W.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

|

2014

|

Vol. 3, iss. 1

59--67

EN

The aim of this research is to reconstruct palaeoredox conditions during sedimentation of the Jeleniów Claystone Formation deposits, using framboid pyrite diameter measurements. Analysis of pyrite framboids diameter distribution is an effective method in the palaeoenvironmental interpretation which allow for a more detailed insight into the redox conditions, and thus the distinction between euxinic, dysoxic and anoxic conditions. Most of the samples is characterized by framboid indicators typical for anoxic/euxinic conditions in the water column, with average (mean) values ranging from 5.29 to 6.02 µm and quite low standard deviation (SD) values ranging from 1.49 to 3.0. The remaining samples have shown slightly higher values of framboid diameter typical for upper dysoxic conditions, with average values (6.37 to 7.20 µm) and low standard deviation (SD) values (1.88 to 2.88). From the depth of 75.5 m till the shallowest part of the Jeleniów Claystone Formation, two samples have been examined and no framboids has been detected. Because secondary weathering should be excluded, the lack of framboids possibly indicates oxic conditions in the water column. Oxic conditions continue within the Wólka Formation based on the lack of framboids in the ZB 51.6 sample.

4

Aromatic hydrocarbons from the Middle Jurassic fossil wood of the Polish Jura

Smolarek J., Marynowski L.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

|

2013

|

Vol. 2, iss. 1

82--90

EN

Aromatic hydrocarbons are present in the fossil wood samples in relatively small amounts. In almost all of the tested samples the dominating aromatic hydrocarbon is perylene and its methyl and dimethyl derivatives. The most important biomarkers present in the aromatic fraction are dehydroabietane, siomonellite and retene, compounds characteristic for conifers. The distribution of discussed compounds is highly variable due to such early diagenetic processes affecting the wood as oxidation and the activity of microorganisms. MPI1 parameter values (methylphenanthrene index) for the majority of the samples are in the range of 0.1 to 0.5, which results in the highly variable values of Rc (converted value of vitrinite reflectance) ranging from 0.45 to 0.70%. Such values suggest that MPI1 parameter is not useful as maturity parameter in case of Middle Jurassic ore-bearing clays, even if measured strictly on terrestrial organic matter (OM). As a result of weathering processes (oxidation) the distribution of aromatic hydrocarbons changes. In the oxidized samples the amount of aromatic hydrocarbons, both polycyclic as well as aromatic biomarkers decreases.

5

Modelling the accident probability in large-scale, maritime transportation system

Blokus-Roszkowska A., Montewka J., Smolarek J.

Journal of Polish Safety and Reliability Association

|

2012

|

Vol. 3, No. 2

237--244

EN

The probability of an accident in transportation systems can serve as a measure of these systems safety or risk, depending on the objective. Therefore numerous methods and models for risk evaluation, with respect to maritime, have been developed. However, these models are either too simplified, allowing relatively fast analysis but very often missing the substantial links among the model variables, or they are too slow for effective analysis, due to computational complexity, not necessarily being backed-up with the complexity of the model itself. Thereby, this paper introduces a novel method evaluating the probability of ship-ship collision in the maritime transportation system focusing on the open sea collisions, applying the queuing theory in the simulation model. The model allows relatively fast prediction as it focuses on the specific events (e.g. accidents), instead of simulating the whole traffic. To support this hypothesis a case study is presented focusing on a selected element of transportation system in operation.

6

Pyrite framboid study of Ireviken Event - example of Wilków borehole, Holy Cross Mountains

Smolarek J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

|

2012

|

Vol. 38, no. 4

533--534

EN

The Ireviken Event was a minor extinction event at the Llandovery-Wenlock boundary. Whole event took place during regression, after the onset of global sea-level fall and finished before the maximum lowstand (Calner 2008). The mechanism responsible for the event originated most probably in the deep oceans, and made its way into the shallower shelf seas. Accordingly, shallow-water reefs were scarcely affected, while pelagic and hemipelagic organisms were hit hardest. Subsequent to the first extinctions, excursions in the 813C and 8180 records are observed; 813C rises from +1.4%o to +4.5%o, while 8180 increases from -5.6%o to -5.0%o (Munnecke et al. 2003). Here, identification of redox conditions was carried out using pyrite framboid diameters. The size distribution of framboids supplies information about ancient redox conditions at a fine scale resolution (Wignall & Newton 1998). Measurements of pyrite framboid diameters were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) in backscattered electrons (BSE). Twenty seven samples of sedimentary rocks from Wilków IG1 borehole were analysed. Based on graptolite stratigraphy, the Ireviken Event, in the described borehole, starts at a depth of 585 meters and finishes at ca. 581 meters. Almost 10 m before this Silurian event, framboids are not observed. It may suggest rather oxic conditions during sedimentation. The beginning of Ireviken Event is characterized by presence of tiny framboids with a mean diameter of 4.55 (j.m (minimum value of 2.77 (j.m, maximum value of 9.27 (j.m). After that euxinic pulse, anoxic conditions have changed gradually to more oxic/disoxic, which is expressed by larger pyrite diameters. The average values of framboid diameters for the central part of the extinction event are ranging from 5.35 jj.m to 8.7 (j.m. Euxinic conditions in water column returned at the end of Ireviken Event and were again characterized by small pyrite framboid diameters. The fluctuations during this extinction event are clearly seen and may suggest intensive sea level oscillations.

7

Bulk geochemical data of fossil wood from the middle jurassic clays of Poland

Smolarek J.

Contemporary Trends in Geoscience

|

2012

|

Vol. 1, iss. 1

71--80

EN

Macroscopic observations, microscopic studies and literature data revealed that Middle Jurassic wood from Częstochowa area has a different state of preservation, and various types and degrees of mineralization and oxidation. Obtained results of organic matter fractionation illustrate a clear domination of polar fraction in the obtained extracts revealing low thermal maturity stage. Total organic carbon (TOC) values for analysed samples are in a wide range from 1.06% to 68.50%. The highest amount of TOC were measured in not or poorly mineralized wood samples but most of them are mineralized wood fragments, showing the TOC values in the range of 2% - 10%. Percentage content of carbonate in fossil wood constitute in a wide range from less than 1% CaCO3 to above 85% CaCO3. The resulting percentage of the total sulfur content is very varied and do not show convergence with other data such as TOC, carbonate content, etc and is most probable connected with pyritisation range. Unlike the Middle Jurassic clay samples, where long-chain and short-chain n-alkanes occur in similar concentrations, in wood samples always short-chain n-alkanes dominated, in the range from 15 to 23 carbon atoms in molecule. The values of the CPI are generally higher than 1 which indicates the contribution of organic matter derived from higher plant waxes, which are characteristic of e.g. needles from gymnosperm plants. Under the influence of postdiagenetic oxidation in mineralized wood samples distribution of n-alkanes is changing. Diaster-13(17)-enes with 28 and 29 carbon atoms in molecule are present in the wood samples, while those with 29 atoms strongly prevail.

PL

Makroskopowe obserwacje, mikroskopowe badania i dane literaturowe wykazały, że środkowojurajskie drewno z okolic Częstochowy ma różny stan zachowania oraz różne rodzaje i stopień mineralizacji oraz utlenienia. Uzyskane wyniki rozdziału frakcyjnego pokazują wyraźną przewagę frakcji polarnej w badanych ekstraktach. Wartości TOC dla badanych próbek wahają się w szerokim zakresie od 1,06% do 68,50 %. Największa ilość TOC występuje w nie zmineralizowanych lub słabo zmineralizowanych próbkach drewna. Większość próbek to zmineralizowane fragmenty drewna, pokazując wartości TOC w zakresie od 2% - 10%. Zawartość procentowa węglanów w badanych próbkach znajduje się w szerokim zakresie od mniej niż 1% CaCO3 do ponad 85% CaCO3. Procentowa zawartość siarki całkowitej jest bardzo zróżnicowana i nie wykazuje zbieżności z innymi danymi, takimi jak TOC czy zawartość węglanów, itp. W odróżnieniu od środkowojurajskich iłów, gdzie długołańcuchowe i krótkołańcuchowe n-alkany występują w podobnych stężeniach , w próbkach drewna zawsze przewyższają n-alkanów krótkołańcuchowe, występujące w zakresie od 15 do 23 atomów węgla w cząsteczce. Wartości wskaźnika CPI są generalnie wyższe niż 1, co wskazuje na udział materii organicznej pochodzącej z wosków roślin wyższych. Pod wpływem post-diagenetycznego utleniania zmineralizowanych próbek drewna zmienia się dystrybucja n-alkanów. W badanych próbkach obecne są diaster-13 (17)-enes o 28 i 29 atomów węgla w cząsteczce, natomiast te o 29 atomów znacznie przeważają.