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Microwave radiometry in monitoring and emergency mapping of water seepage and dangerously high groundwaters

Shutko A. M., Haldin A., Krapivin V., Novichikhin E., Sidorov I., Tishchenko Y., Haarbrink R., Georgiev G., Kancheva R., Nikolov H., Coleman T., Archer F., Pampaloni P., Paloscia S., Krissilov A., Camps Carmona A.

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology

2007

nr 1

76-82

Detailed and geo-referenced maps identifying the locations of saturated and dry levees can be produced using microwave radiometric measurements from a light aircraft or helicopter, and integrated with GPS for positioning and orientation. The development of synergetic remote sensing technology for raised groundwater and seepage detection by the joint use of microwave and optical data along with GIS databases is an effective and most contemporary way of supporting risk assessment and facilitating disaster prevention and management. In this paper we present a remote sensing microwave technology for monitoring and detection of areas of water seepage through irrigation constructions, levees and dykes as well as for revealing areas with dangerously high groundwater level. The possibility for emergency response mapping, integrated with GPS and GIS data, facilitates the risk assessment and management services. The passive microwave radiometry (PMR) is based on spectral measurements in the millimetre to decimetre range of wavelengths. Compared to other remote sensing techniques, such as colour and infrared photography, thermal images and lidar, PMR is the only technology taking measurements under the earth's surface and therefore is very well suited for water seepage and underground water monitoring in a fast and reliable way.

Long-life fiber-optic pressure sensors for monitoring and control of combustion engines

Poorman T., Arnold J., Coleman T., Wlodarczyk M. T.

Journal of KONES

1999

Vol. 6, No. 1-2

141-149

This paper describes the design and performance of Optrand long-life high-temperature fiber-optic pressure sensors that have been specifically developed for monitoring and control of internal combustion engines. In a robust, durable, and low-cost design Optrand pressure sensors utilize the principle of light intensity changes, transmitted by two optical fibers, upon reflection from a specially shaped metal diaphragm deflecting under the effect of pressure. The non-contact detection principle combined with the diaphragm design optimized for infinite fatigue life translates into a sensor with extraordinary lifetime. The sensor's miniature signal opto-electronic conditioner is embedded inside a "smart" electrical connector. Due to its small size and EMI resistance the sensor can be integrated into multi-functional pressure sensing fuel injectors, spark plugs, or glow plugs. The results obtained with almost one thousand of sensors are reported here gathered in gasoline, diesel, and natural gas engines. In the longest application to date, Optrand combustion pressure sensors have demonstrated over 20,000 hours or l billion pressure-cycle service lifetime in large-bore stationary gas engines of pipeline compressor stations. In fuel injection applications the sensor offers typical +7-0.5% accuracy while combustion pressure sensor accuracy is typically in the l- 2% range.